One of the world famous cities: Hong Kong (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China).
1. Introduction to Hong Kong.
Hong Kong, referred to as "Hong Kong" for short, is called the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. It is located in South China of China, east of the Pearl River Estuary, along the South China Sea, with Shenzhen in Guangdong Province in the north and the Pearl River in the west, facing Macao Special Administrative Region, Zhuhai City and Zhongshan City across the Pearl River Estuary.
Hong Kong is a highly prosperous international metropolis. The whole territory consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula and New Territories, with a total land area of 1,14.32 square kilometers and the third highest population density in the world.
Hongkong has been the territory of China since ancient times. From 1842 to 1997, Hong Kong was a British colony. After World War II, Hong Kong's economy and society developed rapidly, and it was not only known as one of the "Four Little Dragons in Asia", but also became one of the richest, most developed and highest living standards in the world. On July 1, 1997, the People's Republic of China officially resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region was established. The central government has full power over Hong Kong, which maintains its original capitalist system and way of life, and enjoys a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign affairs and national defense. "One country, two systems", "Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong" and a high degree of autonomy are the basic national policies of the China government.
Hong Kong is the third largest financial center in the world, an important international financial, trade and shipping center. It is also known as "Newport" with new york and London. It is one of the freest economies and most competitive cities in the world, enjoying a high reputation in the world and being rated as a first-tier city in the world by GaWC.
hong kong is a place where Chinese and western cultures blend together, combining the wisdom of Chinese with the advantages of western social system. it is famous for its clean government, good public order, free economic system and perfect legal system, and has the reputation of "pearl of the orient", "gourmet paradise" and "shopping paradise".
second, the historical evolution of Hong Kong.
In the Neolithic Age, there were already human activities in Hong Kong.
after Qin Shihuang unified China, in 214 BC (in the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang), the Qin Dynasty in China sent troops to pacify Baiyue and set it in Nanhai County, and incorporated Hong Kong into its territory, which was under the jurisdiction of Panyu County. From then on, Hong Kong was placed under the jurisdiction of the central government and clearly became the territory of the Central Plains Dynasty at that time. In a broad sense, the Central Plains refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River). From this time until the Qing Dynasty, with the spread of Central Plains civilization to the south, Hong Kong gradually developed.
during the Han dynasty, Hong Kong belonged to Boluo County, Nanhai County.
in the sixth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 331), Hong Kong belonged to Baoan County, Dongguan County. In the sixth year of Emperor Xianhe's reign in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the eastern part of Nanhai County was set aside, and another Dongguan County was established, which governed six counties including Baoan, Xingning and Haifeng. The jurisdiction of Baoan County includes today's Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Dongguan, and the county seat is today's Nantou City in Shenzhen.
The Sui Dynasty abolished Dongguan County and merged its jurisdiction into Nanhai County of guangzhou fu, and Baoan County was also subordinate to Nanhai County, while Hong Kong was still under the management of Baoan County.
In the second year from the Tang Dynasty to Germany (AD 757), Bao 'an County was changed to Dongguan County, and Hong Kong still belonged to Dongguan County.
during the song and yuan dynasties, a large number of people from the mainland moved to hong kong, which promoted the economic and cultural development of hong kong. In the Yuan Dynasty, China was a province in Jiangxi Province. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were inspection departments in Tuen Mun, southwest of Hong Kong, and in Tuen Mun, the outer port of Guangzhou, to station troops to prevent pirates from invading and defend the Guangzhou area.
During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, some places were set aside from Dongguan County to establish Xin 'an County, which became the later Hong Kong area. Since then, Hong Kong Island has been under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County, guangzhou fu, from the first year of Wanli in Ming Shenzong (AD 1573) until it became a British colony in the 21st year of Daoguang reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Qing Dynasty (AD 1841).
In 1662, the Qing Dynasty sent troops to the New Territories and ordered the villagers to wear braids. During the Qing Dynasty, Hong Kong always played an important role in foreign trade, because Hong Kong was as close as lips and teeth to Guangzhou, which was the only commercial port open to the outside world in the Qing Dynasty.
Before the British occupation of Hong Kong, Hong Kong was basically a desert island, with some fishermen living in Stanley, Datandu and Shipai Bay in the south and Agongyan and Shuijing Bay in the east. In other places such as Huangniyong, Dengdizhou and Seven Sisters, there were some small village bays. At that time, there were about 3, residents on the island. In the early years, the British took a fancy to the potential of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong as an excellent port in East Asia. Until the defeat of the Qing Dynasty in the late 19th century, the territory was ceded and leased to Britain in batches, making it a British colony.
On January 26th, 1841, after the First Opium War, Britain occupied Hong Kong Island. Afterwards, the Qing government tried to recover it by force, and Emperor Daoguang issued many edicts to this end, but the Qing Dynasty was still unable to defend its territorial integrity.
On August 29th, 1842, the Qing government and Britain signed the unequal treaty of nanking (the original name was Jiangning Treaty) and ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain.
On October 24th, 186, China and Britain signed the unequal Beijing Treaty, ceding the area south of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula to Britain.
On June 9th, 1898, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Special Article on Expanding the Boundary of Hong Kong (commonly known as "New Territories Lease"), and forcibly leased the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula and south of Shenzhen River, as well as more than 2 large and small islands, for 99 years (ending on June 3th, 1997). Through three treaties, Britain * * * occupied China territory with a total area of 1,92 square kilometers, including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories, which is now the whole area of Hong Kong.
On December 25th, 1941 (known as "Black Christmas Day" by Hong Kong people), during World War II, the Japanese army invaded Hong Kong, and the British troops stationed in Hong Kong were unable to resist. At that time, the Governor of Hong Kong, Yang Muqi, had no choice but to declare his surrender. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan and began a "period of Japanese rule" of three years and eight months.
On September 15th, 1945, after Japan's defeat, it signed a surrender letter in Hong Kong and withdrew from Hong Kong. Hong Kong was re-governed by Britain.
After World War II, Hong Kong's economy and society developed rapidly, becoming the third largest financial center in the world after new york and London. It has not only become one of the "Four Little Dragons of Asia", but also the financial, service and shipping center of Asia.
from p>1982 to 1984, China and Britain negotiated on the implementation of the future of Hong Kong. On December 19, 1984, they signed the Joint Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the question of Hong Kong, and decided that the People's Republic of China would resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1, 1997. China promises to implement "one country, two systems" in Hong Kong.
On July 1, 1997, the China government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region was established and the Basic Law was implemented. Hong Kong has entered a new historical era of "one country, two systems", "Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong" and a high degree of autonomy.
In September p>1997, the annual meetings of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were held in Hong Kong. This annual meeting is the first large-scale international conference hosted by Hong Kong after its return to the motherland, and it is also the first time that the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have held annual meetings in China.
in p>1998, affected by the Asian financial crisis, the Hong Kong stock market experienced great fluctuations. With the firm support of the central government, the Hong Kong SAR government decided to fight back against international speculators, and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority invested huge sums of money in the stock and futures markets, successfully repelling speculators.
In early spring of p>23, SARS broke out in Hong Kong. The SAR government led all sectors of society to devote themselves to the anti-epidemic action, and the epidemic that lasted for several months was finally brought under control. On June 23rd, the World Health Organization announced that Hong Kong was officially removed from the SARS epidemic area? .
In June p>23, the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) was signed. The central government then launched a "individual tour" plan for mainland residents to visit Hong Kong.
In November p>23, the People's Bank of China announced that it agreed to provide clearing arrangements for Hong Kong banks that handle four types of personal RMB business in Hong Kong, namely deposit, exchange, remittance and RMB bank cards. In February 24, the Bank of Hong Kong officially launched RMB business.
At the beginning of June, 24, the first Pan-Pearl River Delta Regional Cooperation and Development Forum was held in Hong Kong, and the "9+2" regional economic cooperation between nine provinces and regions in the Mainland and Hong Kong and Macao SAR officially appeared.
In September, 25, Hong Kong Disneyland opened to welcome guests, which is the fifth Disneyland in the world.
In August p>28, the equestrian events of the Beijing Olympic Games were successfully held in Hong Kong.
In December, 29, the 5th East Asian Games was held in Hong Kong, which was the first time that Hong Kong hosted an international comprehensive event after its return to the motherland.
in March p>211, the central government announced the outline of the 12th Five-Year Plan, and Hong Kong and Macao became separate chapters for the first time. The outline points out to consolidate and enhance Hong Kong's position as an international financial, trade and shipping center, and support Hong Kong to become an international asset management center and an offshore RMB business center.
third, the geographical environment of Hong Kong.
1. Location.
the geographical coordinates of hong kong are 114 15' east longitude and 22 15' north latitude. it is located along the coast of south China, east of the pearl river mouth in Guangdong province, China, and consists of hong kong island, kowloon peninsula, inland areas of the new territories and 262 islands (outlying islands). Hong Kong is bordered by Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province in the north and Wanshan Islands, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province in the south. Hong Kong is opposite to Macau in the west across the sea, with a distance of 61 kilometers, 13 kilometers from Guangzhou in the north and 12 kilometers from Shanghai.
The areas of the three major parts of Hong Kong are: Hong Kong Island is about 81 square kilometers; Kowloon Peninsula is about 47 square kilometers; The New Territories and 262 outlying islands are about 976 square kilometers. Hong Kong has a total jurisdiction area of 2,755.3 square kilometers, of which the land area is 1,14.32 square kilometers and the water area is 1,65.64 square kilometers. ?
2. landform.
The topography of Hong Kong is mainly hilly, and the highest point is Tai Mo Shan, which is 958 meters above sea level. There are few flat lands in Hong Kong, about 2% of which belong to lowlands, mainly concentrated in the northern New Territories, namely Yuen Long Plain and Fanling Lowland, which are alluvial plains naturally formed by rivers. Secondly, it is the reclaimed land located in the Kowloon Peninsula and the northern part of Hong Kong Island, which expands from the original narrow flat land. Although it is customary to take one from Hong Kong Island, the largest island in Hong Kong is Lantau Island, which is more than twice the size of Hong Kong Island.
3. Climate.
Hong Kong has a subtropical climate, with high annual temperature, with an average annual temperature of 22.8℃. Summer is hot and humid, and the temperature is about 27~33℃. Winter is cool and dry, but it rarely drops below 5℃. It is rainy from May to September, and sometimes it rains heavily. Between summer and autumn, there are typhoons from time to time. July-September is the season with more typhoons in Hong Kong, but tropical cyclones with different intensities may strike from May to November. In the western North Pacific, the East China Sea and the South China Sea, an average of 3 tropical cyclones are formed every year, half of which reach typhoon intensity, and the highest wind speed is 118 kilometers per hour or more. The average annual rainfall in Hong Kong is 2214.3 mm, with the most rainy month in August and the least rainy month in January. In addition, the high-rise buildings in the urban area of Hong Kong are concentrated, densely populated, and the microclimate formed is easy to produce the heat island effect, which leads to the obvious temperature difference between the urban area and the suburbs. The urban area with many high-rise buildings makes it difficult to blow away the "suspended particles" in the air.
4. Water system.
Hong Kong is in a humid subtropical environment, with abundant runoff and developed surface water system. However, the scope of water system is limited, and there are no big rivers. Except Shenzhen River, which is the boundary river between Hong Kong and Shenzhen, there are mainly Chengmen River, Wutong River, Lincun River, Yuen Long River and Jintian River, etc. The length of most rivers is less than 5 miles, and the velocity and discharge are closely related to seasonal rainfall, which is extremely unstable in the middle of the year. In dry season, it is difficult to maintain the flow or cut off the flow, and the riverbed is exposed or partially exposed. In wet season, it is easy to reach the full bank water level and flood. Shenzhen River originates from Niuweiling of Wutong Mountain, flows into Shenzhen Bay from northeast to southwest, and leaves Lingdingyang. The total length is 37 kilometers and the drainage area is 312.5㎞? , of which Shenzhen side is 187.5㎞? , the Hong Kong side is 125 "? . Wutong River in Hong Kong is the main tributary of Shenzhen River.