Knowledge is the greatest motivation for people to move forward, because with knowledge, we know where we come from and where we are going. Below I will share with you some knowledge about high school political and economic life. I hope it can help you. Welcome to read!
Knowledge about high school political and economic life 1
Lesson 1: Currency
(1) The essence of money
Test point 1: Basic attributes of commodities
1. The meaning of commodities: products of labor used for exchange.
2. Basic attributes of commodities: value and use value.
(1) Value refers to the undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities. Use value refers to the attribute of a commodity that can satisfy people's needs.
(2) Use value and value are the two basic attributes of commodities. (The former is a natural attribute, the latter is a social attribute)
(3) Commodity is the unity of value and use value, and use value is the material bearer of value.
Test point 2: The origin and essence of currency
1. The meaning of currency: commodities that are separated from commodities and serve as general equivalents.
2. Currency production: barter exchange - expanded barter exchange - general equivalents - gold and silver are fixed to serve as general equivalents - currency production.
3. The essence of currency: it is a general equivalent.
Test point 3: The basic functions of money
1. Value scale
Meaning: The function of money to express and measure the value of all other commodities. Reason: Currency itself is a commodity and has value.
Requirements: To perform this function only conceptual currency is needed, not actual currency.
2. Means of circulation
Meaning: Money acts as a medium for commodity exchange. Expression form: commodity-currency-commodity. The exchange of commodities using money as the medium is called commodity circulation. Requirement: Currency must use real currency to perform this function, not conceptual currency.
3. In addition to the basic functions of value scale and circulation means, currency also has the functions of storage means, payment means and world currency.
Test point 4: Metal currency and banknotes
1 Metal currency: Coins with a certain shape, weight, fineness and face value.
2. The meaning of banknotes: issued by the country (or some regions) and mandatory for use.
3. The issuance of banknotes must be limited to the amount of currency required in circulation. If the circulation of banknotes exceeds this limit, it will cause price increases and affect people's lives and the economic order of society; if the circulation of banknotes is less than this limit, it will make it difficult to sell goods and directly hinder the circulation of goods.
The formula for calculating the amount of currency in circulation: total commodity price (number of commodities for sale × price level)/number of currency circulation.
Test Point 5: Currency and Wealth
1. The reason why currency is worshiped: After currency was created, it became a symbol of social wealth.
2. Currency is not mysterious: it should not be worshiped blindly. From the perspective of the origin of currency, it is the product of the long-term development of commodity exchange; in essence, it is a fixed commodity that serves as a general equivalent. From the function It seems that it has basic functions such as value scale and means of circulation.
3. The correct attitude towards money (three sentences): take it in a proper way, use it appropriately, and use it beneficially.
(2) Credit instruments and foreign exchange
Test point 6: Settlement and credit instruments
1. Credit card:
Meaning: bank credit card It is a credit certificate issued by the bank to customers with good credit status. Function: It integrates deposits, withdrawals, consumption, settlement, and inquiries, which can reduce the use of cash, simplify collection procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, enhance consumption safety, and bring many conveniences to cardholders.
2. Check:
Meaning: A check is a payment voucher for a demand deposit. It is an unconditional payment of a certain amount to the payee or holder when the drawer entrusts a bank or other financial institution to see the check. The bearer's note. Types: Cash and transfer checks in our country are mainly divided into transfer checks (after the paying unit or individual issues the check, the recipient goes to the bank to transfer the money to his or her account) and cash check (issued by the paying unit, and the payee goes to the bank to withdraw the money with the check) cash).
Test point 7: Foreign exchange and exchange rate:
1. The meaning of foreign exchange: It is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement. 2. The meaning of exchange rate: Also known as exchange rate, it is the exchange ratio between two currencies.
3. If 100 units of foreign currency can be exchanged for more RMB, it means that the exchange rate of the foreign currency increases, the foreign currency appreciates, and the RMB depreciates; otherwise, it means that the foreign currency exchange rate falls, the foreign currency depreciates, and the RMB appreciates.
What are the pros and cons of RMB appreciation?
Advantages of RMB appreciation: ① RMB appreciation allows companies to save money on imported goods; ② RMB appreciation enables Chinese consumers to buy cheaper goods Imported goods; ③ RMB appreciation reduces the pressure on China's foreign debt; ④ RMB appreciation makes the wealth in the hands of Chinese people more valuable.
Disadvantages of RMB appreciation: ① RMB appreciation leads to an increase in the price of export commodities, weakens competitiveness in the international market, and makes export trade more difficult; ② RMB appreciation causes foreign businessmen to lose their actual purchasing power in purchasing goods in the Chinese market, affecting foreign investors. Investment; ③ RMB appreciation will increase domestic employment pressure; ④ RMB appreciation will depreciate my country's foreign exchange reserves.
Knowledge of high school political and economic life 2
Lesson 2: Prices
(1) Determination and changes of prices
Test point 8 : Value and Price
(1) The relationship between price and value.
①In a market economy, price is ultimately determined by value. Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value.
②The price of commodities is different because they contain different amounts of value. With other conditions remaining unchanged, the greater the value of the commodity, the higher the price; the smaller the value, the lower the price.
(2) Socially necessary labor time determines the value of commodities.
①The determinant of value: the socially necessary labor time to produce goods.
a. Socially necessary labor time refers to the time required to manufacture a certain commodity under the current normal social production conditions and the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity. b. Individual labor time is the time used by individual commodity producers to produce a certain commodity.
②The value of commodities is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time. The more a commodity consumes socially necessary labor time, the greater its value, and vice versa. The value of a commodity is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time to produce the commodity, and inversely proportional to the social labor productivity to produce the commodity. The value of a commodity has nothing to do with the individual labor time and individual labor productivity used to produce the commodity.
③The significance of socially necessary labor time to producers: individual labor time has nothing to do with the value of commodities. When individual labor time is higher than socially necessary labor time, the less use value is produced in the same labor time, the less value is created. The smaller the total value, the more disadvantageous it is. On the contrary, if the individual labor time is lower than the socially necessary labor time, the more use value produced in the same labor time and the greater the total value created, the better the position will be. →It determines the reason why producers strive to shorten the individual labor time for producing goods and improve labor productivity.
Test point 9: Value determines price
Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value. Generally speaking, when other conditions remain unchanged, the greater the value of the commodity, the higher the price; the smaller the value, the lower the price.
The two are directly proportional
Test point 10: The basic content and manifestation of the law of value
1. Content: The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time to produce the commodity; The exchange is based on the amount of value and implements equivalent exchange.
2. Form of expression: Commodity prices are affected by supply and demand and fluctuate around value.
3. An important manifestation of the law of value. (1) Adjust output. (2) Adjust the input of production factors. (Changes)
Test point 11: Supply and demand
In addition to value determining price, factors that affect price also include supply and demand. The impact of various factors on commodity prices is achieved by changing the supply and demand relationship of the commodity. (Pay attention to the supply curve and the demand curve)
Test point 12: Factors affecting (equilibrium) price
Socially necessary labor time determines value, value determines price, supply and demand affect price, and price affects supply and demand. . (Price is formed by the market)
1. There are many factors that affect price, such as climate, time, region, production, etc., and even religion and customs.
2. The impact of various factors on commodity prices is achieved by changing the supply and demand relationship of the commodity.
(1) Supply exceeds demand and prices rise. ——So the phenomenon of "rare things become more expensive" appears
(2) Supply exceeds demand and prices fall. ——As a result, the phenomenon of "too much goods is worthless" appeared
(2) The impact of price changes on economic life
Test point 13: The impact of price changes on consumers
Changes in commodity prices mean changes in consumers' actual income. This change in consumer income will lead to changes in consumers' purchases of goods, thereby changing consumers' satisfaction. This is called the income effect. , affecting consumers' living standards and quality of life
Test point 14: The impact of price changes on production (changed p16)
1. Adjust output. When the price of a certain commodity drops and producers' profits decrease, they will reduce the scale of production and reduce output. On the contrary, production will increase.
2. Adjust the input of production factors. In order to produce products, producers must invest a certain amount of people, money, and materials. When some production factors can be substituted for each other, in order to reduce production costs, if the price of any production factor decreases, producers will increase the use of this factor; otherwise, they will reduce the use of this factor.
The impact of price changes on production is an important manifestation of the law of value.
Test point 15: The impact of price changes on demand quantity
1. Price changes will cause changes in demand quantity: Generally speaking, when the price of a certain commodity rises, people will Buy less of it; when the price of the good falls, people will buy more of it.
2. The demand for different commodities responds to price changes in different degrees: price changes have a relatively small impact on the demand for daily necessities, but a relatively large impact on the demand for high-end durable goods.
3. (1) Mutual substitutes: Two commodities have the same or similar functions and can meet the same needs of consumers.
(2) Complementary goods: Two goods must be combined together to satisfy a certain need of people.
The impact of changes in the prices of related commodities on demand: changes in the prices of substitutes for each other are inversely proportional to the demand for themselves and directly proportional to the demand for substitutes; changes in the prices of complementary commodities are The demand for its own goods and its complementary goods is inversely proportional.
Knowledge of high school political and economic life 3
Lesson 3: Consumption
Test point 16: Factors affecting consumption
1. Consumption The level is affected by many factors, the main one being the income of residents.
(1) Income is the basis and premise of consumption.
①The more disposable income, the greater the consumption; conversely, the smaller it is.
②In periods when income grows rapidly, consumption grows faster; and vice versa.
(2) Residents’ consumption level is also affected by future income expectations. If future income expectations are optimistic, consumption will increase; on the contrary, consumption will decrease.
(3) The overall social consumption level is closely related to the size of people’s income gap: if people’s income gap is too large, the overall consumption level will decrease. On the contrary, if the income gap narrows, the overall consumption level will decrease. level improved.
2. There are also price changes, residents’ consumption concepts, etc.
Test point 17: Type of consumption
1. Different transaction methods: consumption on a split basis, loan consumption and leasing consumption.
2. According to the purpose of consumption: consumption of survival materials, consumption of development materials and consumption of enjoyment materials.
Test point 18: Consumption structure
1. Consumption structure refers to the proportion of people’s various consumption expenditures in total consumption expenditures. The consumption structure is not static. It will continue to change with the development of the economy and changes in income.
2. Engel coefficient:
(1) Meaning: The proportion of food expenditures in total household expenditures.
The reasons for the decrease in my country’s Engel coefficient: ① The fundamental reason: the continuous development of our country’s economy; ② The direct reason: the continuous improvement of people’s income level.
(2) Impact: If the Engel coefficient is too large, it will inevitably affect other consumer expenditures, especially the increase in development materials and enjoyment materials, and limit the improvement of consumption level and consumption quality. A decrease in Engel's coefficient usually indicates that people's living standards have improved and their consumption structure has improved.
Test point 19: Consumer psychology
1. Consumption caused by herd mentality: Whether consumption should follow the herd needs to be analyzed in detail. Blindly following the crowd is not advisable.
2. Consumption caused by the psychology of seeking differences: characterized by being different and unconventional. Excessive originality is not encouraged.
3. Consumption caused by comparison mentality: This kind of consumption mentality is unhealthy.
4. Consumption dominated by a realistic mentality: characterized by paying attention to benefits and based on needs. It is a kind of rational consumption.
Test Point 20: Consumption Behavior
1. Live within your means and consume in moderation. (Control consumption within your own financial capacity.)
The so-called moderate consumption includes two meanings: not lag consumption and not advance consumption.
Live within your means, adapt your consumption to your financial affordability, and consume reasonably.
2. Avoid blind obedience and consume rationally. (Avoid following the trend, avoid emotional consumption, and avoid focusing on material rather than spiritual consumption.)
3. Protect the environment and consume green. (Green consumption is a general term for various consumption behaviors that aim to protect consumer health and save resources and comply with human health and environmental protection standards. It embodies the requirements of the scientific outlook on development, correctly handles the relationship between man and nature, and develops harmoniously. Its The core is sustainable consumption, represented by "5R")
4. Diligence, thrift and hard work.
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