compared with previous identification cards, IC cards have the following characteristics: first, they are highly reliable-IC cards have the abilities of anti-magnetism, anti-static, anti-mechanical damage and anti-chemical damage, and the information can be stored for more than 1 years, read and written more than 1, times, and can be used for at least 1 years; Second, the security is good; Third, the storage capacity is large; Fourth, there are many types. From a global perspective, the application scope of IC cards is no longer limited to the early communication field, but is widely used in finance, social insurance, transportation and tourism, medical and health care, government administration, commodity retail, leisure and entertainment, school management and other fields.
At present, in China, with the continuous and in-depth development of the Gold Card Project, IC cards have been widely used in many fields and achieved initial social and economic benefits. In 2, the circulation of IC cards in China was about 23 million, of which telecommunications accounted for most of the market share. There are more than 12 million public telephone IC cards, more than 42 million mobile phone SIM cards and about 6 million other IC cards. In 21, the total shipment of IC cards was about 38 million, an increase of 26% over the previous year. The circulation was about 32 million, up 4% from the previous year. From the application field, more than 17 million public telephone IC cards, 55 million SIM cards, 3.2 million bus IC cards, 14 million social security cards and 8 million other cards were issued.
Although the circulation of IC cards has maintained a high growth rate, the proportion of market sales in the IT market is still very small. According to CCID statistics, in 21, the sales of computers in China were about 25.2 billion yuan, while the sales of IC cards were less than 2.1 billion yuan. IC card market is not a bright spot of China IT industry, and its pulling effect on IT market is not obvious. On the one hand, IT restricts IT enterprises' investment in IC card technology, on the other hand, it also indicates the huge development space of IC card market in China. With the increase of government management and support and the improvement of technology research and development level, the competitive pattern of IC card market will undergo profound changes. Because high-end chips, core modules, financial POS machines and production equipment are mastered by foreign enterprises, foreign brands have a relative monopoly on some market segments. With the start of government smart card project, the gradual opening of mobile communication market and the optimization of domestic enterprises' technical strength and technological process, the market share of foreign brands is greatly restricted, while domestic brands will develop rapidly. Some domestic IC card enterprises that have grown up from the telecom market will continue to expand their business in the fields of ID card, finance, social security, transportation, etc. and directly participate in international competition.
the year p>22 and even the next five years will be a period of deep development of IC card application in China. The pattern of IC card market in China will move from disorder to order, and the market competition will move from limited to infinite. The IC card market will gradually mature and enter the era of low profit. In this situation, the development level of IC card industry and market cannot be measured simply by the number of cards issued and the number of new products. The degree of market development ultimately depends on the application level of IC cards and its social benefits. From the perspective of sustainable development, it will become an important trend for the development of IC card market in China to strengthen industry norms and promote IC card enterprises to change from product and technology to application and service.
in p>197, Roland Moreno, a Frenchman, put the programmable IC(IntegratedCircuit) chip in the card for the first time, which made the card have more functions. At that time, he described the technology as: a card with a self-protecting memory. Thus, the world's first IC card was born.
in the next 3 years, with the development of VLSI technology, computer technology and information security technology, IC cards have become more diverse and mature, and have been widely used at home and abroad. The following will classify and analyze IC cards in detail from different angles. 1. according to the different embedded chips, it is divided into:
1. memory card: the chip in the card is electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), address decoding circuit and instruction decoding circuit. In order to package it in a plastic card base of .76mm, a thin structure of .3mm was specially made. Memory card is a passive card, which usually adopts synchronous communication. This kind of card is convenient to store, simple to use and cheap, and can replace magnetic cards in many occasions. However, this kind of IC card does not have the security function, so it is generally used to store information that does not need to be kept secret. For example, first aid cards for medical treatment and customer menu cards for catering industry. Common memory cards are AT24C16 and AT24C64 of ATMEL Company.
2. Logical encryption card: This kind of card has not only EEPROM of memory card, but also encryption logic, and password verification is required before each card reading/writing. If the password verification is wrong several times in a row, the card will lock itself and become a dead card. From the aspects of data management, password verification and identification, logical encryption card is also a passive card, which uses synchronous communication. This kind of card has a relatively small storage capacity and relatively cheap price, and is suitable for occasions with certain confidentiality requirements, such as dining cards in canteens, telephone cards, and business charge cards. Common logic encryption cards include SLE4442 and SLE4428 of SIEMENS, AT88SC168 of ATMEL, etc.
3.CPU card: This kind of chip contains microprocessor unit (CPU), storage unit (RAM, ROM and EEPROM) and input/output interface unit. Among them, the RAM is used to store the intermediate data in the operation process, the on-chip operating system COS(Chip OperatingSystem) is solidified in the ROM, and the EEPROM is used to store the personal information of the cardholder and the relevant information of the issuer. The CPU manages the encryption/decryption and transmission of information, strictly prevents illegal access to the information in the card, and will lock the corresponding information area if several illegal accesses are found (it can also be unlocked by a higher order). The capacity of CPU card is large or small, and the price is higher than that of logical encryption card. However, the good processing ability and excellent security performance of CPU card make it the main direction of IC card development. CPU cards are suitable for occasions with particularly high confidentiality requirements, such as financial cards and military secret order transfer cards. The internationally famous CPU card providers are Gemplus, G&; D, Schlumberger, etc.
4. Super smart card: Add keyboard, LCD monitor and power supply to the CPU card, that is, it becomes a super smart card, and some cards also have fingerprint recognition devices. A super card tested by VISA International Credit Card Organization has 2 keys and can display 16 characters. Besides the functions of timing and computer exchange rate conversion, it also stores personal information, medical and travel data and telephone numbers.
2. According to the interface of data exchange between the card and the outside world, it can be divided into:
1. Contact IC card: This kind of card reads and writes data through the contact of IC card reading and writing equipment. The international standard ISO7816 has strict regulations on the mechanical characteristics and electrical characteristics of such cards.
2. contactless IC card: this kind of card has no circuit contact with IC card equipment, but reads and writes through contactless reading and writing technology (such as optical or wireless technology). In addition to CPU, logic unit and storage unit, the embedded chip adds RF transceiver circuit. The international standard ISO1536 series sets forth the requirements for contactless IC cards. This kind of card is generally used in occasions with frequent use, relatively little information and high reliability requirements.
3. Dual-interface card: A contact IC card and a contactless IC card are combined into one card, and the operation is independent, but the CPU and storage space can be used.
3. According to the different data transmission modes when the card exchanges with the outside world, it is divided into:
1. Serial IC card: When the IC card exchanges data with the outside world, the data stream is input and output in a serial mode, and there are few electrode contacts, generally six or eight. Because of its simple interface and convenient use, serial IC cards are used the most at present. The IC card defined by the international standard ISO7816 is such a card.
2. Parallel IC card: When the IC card exchanges data with the outside world, it is carried out in parallel, with more electrode contacts, generally between 28 and 68. There are two main advantages, one is the speed of data exchange, and the other is that the storage capacity can be significantly increased under the existing conditions.
all kinds of smart cards and SIM cards
IV. According to the different application fields of cards, they can be divided into:
1. Financial cards: also known as bank cards, can be divided into credit cards and cash cards. When the former is used for consumption payment, it can overdraw funds according to the preset amount; The latter can be used as an electronic wallet or electronic passbook, but it cannot be overdrawn.
2. Non-financial card: also known as non-bank card, it covers a wide range and actually covers all fields except financial card, such as telecommunications, tourism, education and public transportation.
(3) transportation card: widely used
(4) government application card: now it is widely used, such as the social security card which has been widely promoted recently.
Smart card (smart card or IC Card), also known as smart card, smart card, integrated circuit card and IC card, refers to a kind of portable card plastic with integrated circuit chips stuck or embedded. The card includes microprocessor, I/O interface and memory, and provides data calculation, access control and storage functions. At present, the size and contact definition of the card are unified by ISO specifications, mainly in ISO781. Common ones are telephone IC cards, identity IC cards, and some traffic tickets and memory cards.
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