1. the meaning of commodity: commodity is a labor product for exchange.
2. The basic attributes of commodities-use value and value
The concept of use value: the attribute that commodities can meet certain needs of people.
(note: the use value is not necessarily a commodity, but a commodity must have the use value. )
(2) The value of commodities: undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities.
(Note: commodities with different use values can be exchanged because they all consume undifferentiated human labor) (3) Commodities are the unity of use value and value, and both are indispensable
Use value is the material undertaker of value, and things without use value are not commodities, nor are things without value. No one can have the use value and value of goods at the same time. The purpose of consumers buying goods is to obtain the use value of goods, and the seller is to realize the value of goods.
(2) the nature of money.
1. the emergence of money: money is the product of commodity exchange at a certain stage;
2. Meaning and essence of money:
(1) Meaning: Money is separated from commodities and acts as a general equivalent commodity.
(2) The essence of money is: universal equivalent.
(universal equivalent: a commodity that can express the value of all other commodities and act as a medium of commodity exchange. ) Understand
3. Functions of money
(1) Two basic functions-value scale and circulation means
A, value scale function
(1) Meaning: it is the function of expressing and measuring the value of all other commodities with money as a scale.
(Reason: Money can be a measure of value because it is also a commodity and has value. )
(2) Relationship between price and value:
The so-called price is the commodity value expressed by a certain amount of money, which is called price. Price is the monetary expression of value, and value is the basis of price. With other factors unchanged, commodity prices are in direct proportion to their values.
(3) When money performs the function of value scale, it is only a conceptual currency and does not need real money.
B. Means of circulation:
(1) Meaning: The function of money as a medium of commodity exchange is called means of circulation.
(2) Pay attention to the difference between circulation means and commodity circulation. Commodity exchange with money as the medium is called commodity circulation. Circulation means emphasize the role of money in commodity exchange, and commodity circulation emphasizes how to exchange commodities.
(3) Money as a means of circulation must be realistic money, not conceptual money.
(2) In the process of development, money has the functions of storage, payment and world currency.
4. Formula for calculating the amount of money needed in circulation.
the amount of money needed in circulation = the total price of goods (that is, the quantity of goods for sale × the price level)/the speed of money circulation
(This shows that the amount of money needed in circulation is in direct proportion to the total price of goods, but in inverse proportion to the speed of money circulation. )
5. The emergence and development of paper money:
(1) Paper money is produced with the development of commodity exchange.
(2) the meaning of paper money: it must be a compulsory value symbol issued by the country (or some regions).
(Note: Paper money itself has no value, it just replaces metal money to perform the function of circulation means. There are two points to emphasize here: First, it is issued by a country or a specific region. Second, it is compulsory by the state. Paper money has no value, and the main reason why it can replace money as a means of circulation lies in the coercive power of the state. )
6. Inflation and deflation.
(1) Paper money is issued by the state, and the state has the right to issue paper money, but it cannot issue any amount of paper money at will. The circulation of paper money must be limited to the amount of money needed in circulation.
(2) Inflation refers to the overall and sustained price increase in economic operation. If the circulation of paper money exceeds the amount of money needed in circulation, it will cause prices to rise and affect people's life or social and economic order.
(Note: There are many reasons for inflation, not only related to the excessive circulation of paper money, but also related to other factors, such as rising costs and excessive total demand. )
(3) Deflation is an economic phenomenon contrary to inflation, which is manifested in the overall and sustained decline of prices. Usually accompanied by economic recession.
2. Credit instruments and foreign exchange
(1) Credit instruments:
1. Settlement method: (1) Cash settlement; (2) Transfer settlement.
2. Common credit instruments:
(1) Credit card:
A. Meaning: electronic payment card with some or all functions such as consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, credit loan, etc.
B. Advantages: Credit cards can integrate deposit, withdrawal, consumption, settlement and inquiry, which can reduce the use of cash, simplify the collection procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, enhance consumption safety and bring many conveniences to cardholders.
C. The bank credit card refers to a credit certificate issued by a commercial bank to customers with good credit status.
(2) check: it is a payment voucher for demand deposit, and it is a bill that the drawer entrusts a bank and other financial institutions to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or holder when seeing the bill. Checks are mainly divided into transfer checks and cash checks.
(2) foreign exchange and exchange rate:
1. foreign exchange: foreign exchange is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement.
2. Exchange rate, also called exchange rate, is the exchange rate between two currencies.
criteria for judging the rise and fall of exchange rate: if 1 units of foreign exchange can be converted into more RMB, it means that the exchange rate of foreign exchange has risen, the foreign currency has appreciated, the RMB exchange rate has fallen and the RMB has depreciated; And vice versa.
3. The impact of exchange rate changes on the economy: (that is, the advantages and disadvantages of currency appreciation and depreciation)
(1) The appreciation of local currency means that less local currency is exchanged for the same amount of foreign currency, which has the following effects: A, exports decrease, and imports increase; B the cost of foreign investment has increased; C leads to a decline in domestic production and an increase in unemployment; D domestic foreign exchange reserves depreciate, but it is beneficial to repay foreign debts; E is beneficial for domestic enterprises to go abroad
(2) the devaluation of local currency means that more local currency is exchanged for the same amount of foreign currency, which has the following effects: a) exports increase and imports decrease; B the cost of foreign investment is reduced; C enhance the international competitiveness of domestic products, D domestic consumption is relatively cheap, and foreign tourists increase.
4. the meaning and significance of keeping the value of RMB basically stable: it is of great significance to keep the overall price level stable internally and the RMB exchange rate stable externally, which is stable for people's lives, the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, the stability of world finance and economic development.
Third, establish a correct view of money
1. From the perspective of production, money is the product of the long-term development of commodity exchange;
2. In essence, money is a fixed commodity in universal equivalent.
In terms of functions, money has two basic functions: value scale and circulation means;
In terms of importance, in a certain sense, money is a symbol of wealth. In the primary stage of socialism, there is still a commodity-currency relationship, and all kinds of economic activities such as production, distribution, exchange and consumption are inseparable from money.
Establish a correct view of money: (1) The essence of money is universal equivalent, which is a symbol of wealth in a certain sense; (2) We should take proper money, make money by proper means, and get rich by honest labor and legal operation. (3) Use it profitably, and use the money where it is beneficial to the country, society and others. (4) Use it appropriately. Spend money in moderation and prioritize.
lesson 2 changeable prices
1. factors affecting prices
prices are determined by value, and are influenced by supply and demand and other factors (that is, prices are formed by the market)
(1) supply and demand affect prices
1. supply and demand affect prices
(1) factors causing price changes and differences include climate, time, region and production. (2) the influence of these factors on the price is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand (direct factor) of the commodity
2. How supply and demand affect the price
① Demand exceeds supply and the price rises. Buyers have to accept higher prices to meet their own needs, and there is a phenomenon that "things are rare and expensive", which is the "seller's market". (that is, a market type dominated by sellers, who are in a favorable position in market transactions);
② the supply exceeds the demand, and the price is reduced. Sellers have to deal with their surplus inventory at a lower price, and there is a phenomenon of "more goods are worthless", which is the "buyer's market" (that is, the buyer plays a leading role in a market type, and the buyer is in a favorable position in market transactions. )
(II) Value determines price
1. Relationship between price and value
Price is determined by value, which is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value (other things being equal, the greater the value, the higher the price
2. The value of goods is determined by socially necessary labor time
3. Labor productivity and its relationship with the value of goods. Individual labor productivity is directly proportional to the total value of commodities < P > 4. Basic contents and manifestations of the law of value
(1) Basic contents: the value of commodities is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing the commodities, and the exchange of commodities is based on the value. (Hint: the law of value is the basic law of commodity economy, and if there is a commodity economy, there will be a law of value)
(2) Expression: Price is affected by the relationship between supply and demand, and fluctuates around value
Why is the price fluctuating around value the expression of the law of value (that is, why does it not violate the law of value-the principle of equivalent exchange? Why is the fluctuation of price around value not a denial of the law of value?
Price and supply and demand interact and restrict each other, causing price fluctuation. Price fluctuation around value is not a negation of value law, but a manifestation of value law. Moreover, it is a possible form of expression. Equivalence exchange exists in the average number of commodity exchanges
II. The impact of price changes
(I) The impact of price changes on people's lives
1. Price changes will cause changes in demand (generally speaking, other conditions remain unchanged)
(1) When the price of a commodity rises, People will buy less of it
(2) When the price of a commodity falls, People will increase their purchase of it
2. The demand of different commodities has different responses to price changes
(1) Price changes have less influence on the demand of daily necessities
(2) Price changes have greater influence on the demand of high-grade durable goods
3. Price changes of related commodities have less influence on the demand
(1) Among the two commodities that can be replaced, the price of one commodity, or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium
(2) among the commodities with complementary relationship, if the price of a commodity rises, consumers will reduce the demand for the commodity and at the same time reduce the demand for its complementary commodities; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium
(Noun explanation: Substitute means that if two commodities have the same or similar functions and can meet the same needs of consumers, the two commodities are substitutes for each other; Complementary goods are two kinds of goods that must be combined to meet people's needs. These two kinds of goods are complementary goods. )
(2) Impact on production and operation:
1. Adjust production scale 2. Improve labor productivity 3. Promote enterprises to produce marketable high-quality products
Lesson 3 Colorful consumption
1. Factors affecting consumption (main factors affecting consumption: income and overall price level)
(1) Residents' income is the main factor affecting consumption.
a. Other things being equal, the more disposable income people have at present, the greater their consumption of various goods and services. Therefore, to improve the living standards of residents, we must maintain stable economic growth and increase residents' income.
B generally speaking, the higher the expected future income (future income), the greater the possibility of expected expenditure.
C. The social income gap is closely related to the overall social consumption level. People's income gap is too large, and the overall consumption level will decrease; On the contrary, narrowing the income gap will increase the overall consumption level.
(2), the price level is also the main factor affecting consumption: generally speaking, people will reduce the consumption of goods when prices rise; When prices fall, the purchasing power will generally increase, which will increase the consumption of commodities.
2. Types of consumption
(1) According to different consumers, it can be divided into tangible goods consumption and labor service consumption
(2) According to different transaction methods, it can be divided into two categories: money and goods consumption, loan consumption and rental consumption
(3) According to the purpose of consumption, it can be divided into subsistence consumption, development consumption and enjoyment consumption
3.
Engel's coefficient is inversely proportional to consumption level
4. Consumer psychology:
(1) Consumption caused by conformity psychology; (2) Consumption caused by seeking difference psychology; (3) Consumption caused by comparison psychology.