The development status of commercial credit
1. Commercial credit is universal.
it can be said that as long as there is commercial activity, there is commercial credit. As a financing method, commercial credit is easy to obtain, and it does not need to go through formal procedures. Moreover, if there is no cash discount or interest-bearing bills, it does not need to pay the financing cost, and large, medium and small enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households can easily obtain it. Therefore, it is ubiquitous in commercial activities.
second, among all different types of economic forms, new economic forms or industries are particularly prominent.
such as individual and private enterprises, retail supermarkets, real estate development, consumer clubs, etc., these economic forms or industries generally have relatively tight bank credit control, and it is very convenient to use commercial credit financing, and commercial credit is particularly active. For example, retail supermarkets occupy suppliers' goods, real estate developers sell houses in advance, and consumer clubs sell membership cards, which are basically established. The general trend is that the three industries occupy more funds in the second industry and the first industry, while the retail and service industries occupy more funds in suppliers and consumers.
third, the scale of commercial credit is growing rapidly, and the relationship is more complicated.
according to a survey of 32 industrial enterprises above designated size in Zhuzhou city, the total commercial credit of 32 enterprises in three liabilities, namely notes payable, accounts payable and accounts received in advance, was 6,635.45 million yuan at the end of 25, an increase of 145% over the end of 1999, with an average annual increase of 24%, which was twice the growth rate of sales revenue. The survey shows that due to the increasing difficulty and cost of financing, commercial credit is used more as a means of financing besides an important means of expanding sales. This is especially true for small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households with difficult loans. Only more than 9 of the 3,1 individual and private owners in a large clothing market with an annual turnover of 1.5 billion yuan in Lusong Market Group of Zhuzhou City have bank credit, with an amount of less than 3 million yuan, and their financing methods mainly rely on commercial credit and private lending. Autumn is the off-season of clothing sales every year. Operators pay almost all the cash in advance to the manufacturers, but in the winter season, they buy on credit from the manufacturers. At the same time, it sells on credit to downstream retailers. At the peak of the whole market, the down payment or payment reached 15 million yuan to 2 million yuan, accounting for more than 3% of the operators' working capital.
4. among various commercial credits, accounts receivable, advance payment and installment payment are the most common.
At the end of 25, the net accounts receivable of 32 industrial enterprises above designated size in Zhuzhou City was 4,155.18 million yuan, accounting for 67% of the total commercial credit (assets). Because of the organic combination of accounts receivable, installment payment and sales discount, both the supplier and the seller can take their own advantages and win-win, and both parties are willing to accept it. Advance payment is mainly used by production and processing enterprises. However, bills receivable, such as commercial acceptance bills, are generally used less because of complicated procedures. For example, enterprises under the jurisdiction of Chaling County Supply and Marketing Association have not used commercial acceptance bills in recent years, mainly because of complicated procedures, strict requirements, poor liquidity and high risk of distinguishing between true and false, and enterprises and banks are reluctant to use them.
5. Commercial credit has become an important financing method for small and medium-sized enterprises and county economic development.
On the one hand, the growing entrepreneurial enthusiasm and the booming county economy need a large number of sources of funds; On the other hand, the profit-seeking operation of commercial banks makes county finance shrink continuously, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises. This gives commercial credit a broad space for development. In the counties and cities under the jurisdiction of Zhuzhou City, commercial credit is basically divided into three parts: private lending and bank credit, which has become one of the important financing methods for county economy, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises and individual private economy. For example, less than 1% of private enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households in Youxian obtained bank loans, and the loan-to-deposit ratio rate of the county at the end of September 26 was 43.5%, 31 percentage points lower than that at the end of 2. A private ceramic enterprise in Liling City has been established for five years, and its annual sales income has reached 18 million yuan. But so far, there is no bank loan, mainly relying on advance receipts and accounts payable to solve the liquidity. At the end of 25, the commercial credit liabilities reached 4.2 million yuan.
VI. Commercial credit is in a spontaneous state.
There is no regulation to define how much commercial credit an enterprise can bear or actually own, and no one can know. Except for a few enterprises with standardized management, how much credit most enterprises should give to their business partners is mainly the need to achieve sales targets and the feeling of operators. At present, commercial credit is generally in a spontaneous state, and there is no supervision department, no supervision institution, no supervision system and no channel inquiry. Including the Interim Measures for the Management of Basic Database of Personal Credit Information, which has been implemented by the People's Bank of China, and the credit information management measures being drawn up by the governments of relevant provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, all focus only on the collection of bank credit information, while commercial credit may be simply avoided because it is too scattered and difficult.
what is the prospect and current situation of the domestic credit reporting industry?
the development of enterprise credit information in China
China enterprise credit information started with paper loan certificate, and gradually developed into an enterprise credit information market with information technology, specialized content and diversified business. China's enterprise credit reporting has roughly experienced four stages of development, as follows.
China enterprise credit information market participants
There are two main types of participants in China enterprise credit information market, one is credit information system, and the other is market-oriented credit information institutions. Credit information system refers to the credit information center of China People's Bank; Market-oriented credit reporting institutions include Sino-foreign joint ventures, foreign-funded institutions and domestic-funded institutions. By December 22, there were 131 enterprise credit reporting institutions registered with the People's Bank of China.
At present, China's corporate credit information market has formed a development pattern based on the central bank's credit information system and extended by market-oriented credit information institutions.
China People's Bank Credit Information Center Enterprise Credit Information System Construction
China People's Bank Credit Information System is the largest credit information system in the world. By the end of December 22, the central bank credit information system * * * had included 6.923 million enterprises and other organizations, and in 22, the number of enterprise inquiry credit information reports reached 69.35 million.
-types of corporate credit products of the central bank's credit information center
The corporate credit information products of the credit information center of China People's Bank are mainly corporate credit reports, which extend the credit asset structure analysis, corporate business risk warning, related inquiry and other services. Enterprise credit report is the most basic and important product of the central bank, which mainly collects basic information about customers, credit information, public life information and statement information through channels such as commercial banks and branches of the People's Bank of China.
types of credit investigation products of market-oriented institutions
There are many types of credit investigation products of market-oriented institutions. According to official website, a comprehensive enterprise credit investigation agency in China, the credit investigation business of enterprises mainly includes commercial credit service, due diligence service, credit monitoring service, credit risk solution, financial leasing business promotion, subject rating and debt rating. The remarkable feature of market-oriented credit reporting institutions is that their business can be developed in time with the market demand and effectively meet the new market demand.
—— For the above data, please refer to the Analysis Report on Market Foresight and Investment Strategic Planning of China Credit Information Industry by Foresight Industry Research Institute.
The current situation of rural microfinance business in China should be introduced carefully.
in recent years, financial institutions have carried out a wide range of businesses, such as micro-credit loans, student loans, and small-sum secured loans for laid-off workers, which have played a positive role in promoting the employment of urban and rural residents and the healthy development of the national economy. However, there are still many difficulties and challenges in the development of micro-credit business. The author makes the following discussion and analysis on this issue.
I. Current situation of microfinance business development
Since the pilot project of "Poverty Alleviation Society" in Yixian County of Agricultural Development Institute of China Academy of Social Sciences in 1993, China's microfinance business has experienced ups and downs for more than ten years. However, due to the imperfectness of the financial system, the immaturity of borrowers and other objective factors, up to now, the microfinance business has not achieved exciting practical achievements, and it is far from "developing an active and important emerging industry or department" like some successful developing countries. The development of micro-credit business in China is slow, which can't keep up with the pace of economic development and can't meet the financial needs of customers: < P > (1) The loan amount is too small. With the development of economy, the willingness and consciousness of urban and rural residents to start their own businesses are getting stronger and stronger, and the demand for funds is also growing. However, due to the limited amount of micro-credit business, it is usually unable to meet its capital needs. At present, the loan for laid-off workers offered by commercial banks is generally 2, yuan per person, and it is raised to 2,-5, yuan in some areas; Some rural credit cooperatives grant small credit loans to farmers with a limit of .5-5, yuan. Take the purchase and construction of a vegetable greenhouse by farmers as an example. According to the current market price in Linyi, it takes about 6,-8, yuan to build a vegetable greenhouse, plus about 2, yuan for labor wages, seeds and fertilizers. It takes 8,-1, yuan to invest from the construction of the greenhouse to the start of operation. If credit is granted according to the above limit, there is still a considerable funding gap. Therefore, the loan amount is too small to meet the actual needs of customers.
(2) The loan period is short. Agricultural projects have the characteristics of large investment, slow effect, high risk and long payback period, while the longest term of microfinance business is one year, and the longest term of laid-off and unemployed loans is only two years. Farmers and laid-off workers generally have no fixed income, which will easily lead to loans overdue, which not only increases the interest burden of borrowers, but also affects their enthusiasm for repayment. Moreover, it is not conducive to reflecting the authenticity of loan quality; It is not conducive to financial institutions to rationally arrange funds and improve the efficiency of fund use; It also affects the pertinence and effectiveness of financial decisions.
(3) The microfinance model is single. The development of microfinance in some areas has not been combined with agricultural industrialization. Because of the asymmetry of information, it is difficult for farmers to sell their products, or they can't guard against market risks and natural disasters, and their use efficiency and economic benefits are greatly reduced.
(4) the construction of the credit system is lagging behind. In the past few years, due to the low level of electronic construction of financial institutions and the lack of historical credit records, the credit investigation only relied on the loan officer's partial understanding of customers, which inevitably led to false investigation and insufficient risk estimation. In addition, the financial ecological environment in some areas is relatively poor, and some customers have the idea of evading debts, so the quality of pre-loan investigation can be imagined.
(5) lack of sustainability. First, the will of local governments is not strong. At the end of 22, the People's Bank of China issued the Measures for the Administration of Small Guaranteed Loans for Laid-off Workers, which clearly stipulated the object, amount, term, guarantee and discount of small secured loans. However, due to the fact that this policy involves government-funded guarantees and partial interest subsidies, coupled with the small amount, local governments are not enthusiastic in the implementation process. Second, because agriculture is affected by natural climate factors and market factors, there are great risks, especially in industries such as breeding and planting, which are often wiped out by natural disasters or market turmoil. In addition, due to the small accumulation of farmers' funds and weak ability to resist risks, some credit funds are badly formed, and a large number of loans cannot be recovered, which has dampened the enthusiasm of financial institutions. Third, the company can not absorb public deposits, only rely on external capital injection, lack of sustainable sources of funds, affecting the development of microfinance.
what is the current situation of consumer credit in China? What is the impact on China's economic life?
Credit consumption in China began in 195s, and then it was cancelled. The credit consumption of banks with housing as a breakthrough started in the 198s. However, when the shortage economy was dominant and the market economy was underdeveloped at that time, credit consumption did not have a fully developed economic foundation and market conditions. Therefore, credit consumption was single in variety, narrow in scope and small in scale, and it was only in the embryonic and exploratory stage. Since the 199s, China's economy has developed rapidly, the living standards of residents have been continuously improved, and there has been a relatively strong demand in housing, automobiles and other fields. At the same time, with the formation of buyer's market, insufficient consumer demand has become the main factor restricting economic growth. The government has taken various measures to expand domestic demand, and credit consumption has been valued and promoted as an effective means of consumer demand. Various policies, laws and regulations aimed at encouraging individual credit consumption have been introduced one after another. By the end of 23, the balance of RMB consumer loans of commercial banks in China was 1,573.6 billion yuan, 9 times higher than that of 17.2 billion yuan at the end of 1997, of which the balance of individual housing loans was 1,178 billion yuan, and the proportion of credit consumption in various loans also increased from less than .13% to 1%. Judging from the institutions providing credit consumption, all domestic commercial banks and credit cooperatives have started consumer credit business to varying degrees, and the four state-owned commercial banks of industry, agriculture, China and China Construction are the main bodies of the consumer credit market, and their consumer credit balance accounts for 88% of the total consumer credit provided by all financial institutions. From the variety of credit consumption, after the development in recent years, a credit consumption variety system with more than a dozen categories and hundreds of varieties has been formed, including personal housing and housing decoration, automobile consumption and credit card consumption, large durable consumer goods and education aid, tourism and medical loans, personal comprehensive consumption and personal short-term credit loans and recycling line loans. As can be seen from the data provided above, in the consumer credit issued by banks, personal housing loans occupy an overwhelming advantage. This shows that China's credit consumption business varieties have great room for innovation, and some credit consumption varieties with great development prospects are basically blank in China. In addition, although some credit consumption varieties have been developed in China, the depth of development is far from enough. It can be expected that after the establishment of the social credit system, consumer credit with credit cards as the main body will usher in a stage of rapid development. Judging from the current practice of various financial institutions, the development of consumer credit in China should make remarkable progress in the following aspects: (1) Focus on the development of personal housing and automobile credit. Personal housing loans account for an absolute proportion in China's current credit consumption development. In the future, personal housing loans will remain the focus of consumer credit development. On the basis of effectively reducing the risk of housing loans, we should expand the scope and proportion of housing loans and focus on developing mid-range housing loans. In addition, with the improvement of automobile popularization, the demand for automobile consumption loans will increase significantly, which will become a major growth point of consumer credit. (2) Vigorously develop credit card business and personal consumer durables credit consumption. The proportion of credit card business in the United States is second only to housing credit. After the establishment of the social credit system, China's commercial banks should seize the favorable opportunity to vigorously develop credit card business, encourage consumers to spend first and then repay, and turn credit cards into real credit cards. In addition, we should also vigorously promote commercial sales outlets and consumer outlets for credit card payment. According to statistics, China's durable consumer goods loans account for a small proportion in China's credit consumption business and have great market potential. To this end, commercial banks should actively cooperate with merchants to carry out various forms of durable consumer goods loans. (3) Vigorously develop student aid and tourism credit consumption. At present, the proportion of student loans in China is still small, and commercial banks should take various forms to vigorously promote it. Relatively speaking, student loans are essentially consumers' financing for current education with future income, and their loan targets are generally high.