Economic Life

Unit 1 Life and Consumption

Test Point 1: The meaning and basic attributes of commodities (A)

(1 )The meaning of commodities: products of labor used for exchange. (What you purchased before and are using now is not a commodity)

(2) There are two basic attributes of commodities: use value and value.

Test point 2: The concept and essence of money (A)

(1) The concept of money: commodities that are separated from commodities and serve as general equivalents. (Gold and Silver)

(2) The essence of money: general equivalents.

Test point 3: Two basic functions of money (B)

Basic functions: value scale and means of circulation

(1) Value scale: (price)

Meaning: The function of money to express and measure the value of all other commodities.

Reason: Currency itself is a commodity and has value.

Requirements: Only conceptual currency.

The meaning of price: the value of a commodity expressed through a certain amount of currency.

(2) Means of circulation:

Meaning: Currency acts as a medium for commodity exchange.

Requirement: Real currency must be used.

Test point 4: The meaning and issuance rules of banknotes (A)

(1) The meaning of banknotes: a mandatory value symbol issued by the country (or some regions).

Note: Banknotes have no value but have use value.

(2) Laws of banknote issuance: The issuance of banknotes must be limited to the amount of currency required in circulation.

Test point 5: Functions of credit cards (A)

(1) Meaning: An electronic payment card with some or all functions such as consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposits and withdrawals, and credit loans.

(2) Functions and advantages; integrating deposits, withdrawals, consumption, settlement, and inquiries, it can reduce the use of cash, simplify payment procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, enhance consumption safety, and provide cardholders with Brings many conveniences.

Test point 6: The meaning of foreign exchange and exchange rate (A)

(1) Foreign exchange: Meaning: It is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement.

(2) Exchange rate: Meaning: Also known as exchange rate, it is the exchange rate between two currencies.

Foreign exchange rate↑→Foreign currency↑→RMB↓

Test point 7: Establish a correct view of money (C)

(1) Money in modern economic life Significance: From its origin, currency is the product of the long-term development of commodity exchange; from its essence, it is a fixed commodity that serves as a general equivalent; from its function point of view, it has two basic functions: value scale and means of circulation. In a certain sense, currency is a symbol of wealth. In the primary stage of socialism, there is still a commodity-currency relationship, and various economic activities are inseparable from currency.

(2) A correct view of money:

① When it comes to money, you must get it in a wise way. Make money by legitimate means and get rich by honest labor and legal operations.

② For money, use it beneficially and use it appropriately. Use money where it is needed most and do the most meaningful things.

By establishing a correct view of money, our souls will be purer, our morals will be higher, and our lives will be more meaningful.

Test point 8: The impact of supply and demand on commodity prices (B)

(1) The impact of various factors on commodity prices is achieved by changing the supply and demand relationship of the commodity. . (The relationship between supply and demand is a direct factor)

(2) How supply and demand affect prices: ① When supply exceeds demand, prices rise; ② When supply exceeds demand, prices fall.

Test point 9: The relationship between price and value (B)

(1) In a market economy, price is ultimately determined by value. Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value.

(2) The price of commodities is high or low because they contain different amounts of value. With other conditions remaining unchanged, the greater the value of the commodity, the higher the price; the smaller the value, the lower the price.

Test Point 10: The value of a commodity is determined by socially necessary labor time (B)

(1) The determinant of value: it cannot be determined by individual labor time, but by the society that produces the commodity Necessary labor time is determined.

The meaning of socially necessary labor time: the labor time required to manufacture a certain commodity under the current normal social production conditions and the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity.

(2) The value of commodities is directly proportional to socially necessary labor time and inversely proportional to social labor productivity. The more a commodity consumes socially necessary labor time, the greater its value, and vice versa.

Test Point 11: Content and Expression of the Law of Value (B)

(1) Content of the Law of Value: The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time to produce the commodity, and commodity exchange Equivalent exchange is carried out based on the amount of value (on average over the long term, not every time).

(2) The only form of expression: Affected by the relationship between supply and demand, commodity prices fluctuate around value.

Test point 12: The impact of price changes on people’s lives and production and operations (B)

(1) The impact of price changes on life:

① Generally speaking It is said that when the price of a certain commodity rises, people will buy less of it; when the price of a certain commodity drops, people will increase their purchases of it.

② Price changes have a relatively small impact on the demand for daily necessities, but a relatively large impact on the demand for high-end durable goods.

③Consumer demand for a given commodity is not only affected by changes in the price of the commodity, but also by changes in the prices of related commodities.

A. If two goods have the same or similar functions and can meet the same needs of consumers, the two goods are substitutes for each other.

Among two commodities that are substitutes for each other, an increase in the price of one commodity will lead to an increase in the demand for the other commodity. A decrease in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded of the other good.

B. If two goods must be combined together to satisfy a certain need of people, the two goods are complementary goods.

An increase in the price of one commodity will not only reduce the demand for that commodity, but also reduce the demand for another commodity; conversely, a decrease in the price of one commodity and an increase in demand will lead to a decrease in the demand for another commodity. The demand for a commodity increases accordingly

(2) The impact of price changes on production:

① Adjust production; ② Improve labor productivity (shorten individual labor time, making competition more Advantages); ③ Produce high-quality products that are marketable.

Test point 13: The impact of income level, price level and other factors on consumption level (A)

Consumption is affected by many factors, two of which are the main factors: residents’ income level and overall price level.

(1) Income is the basis and premise of consumption. With other conditions remaining unchanged, the more disposable income people currently have, the higher their consumption level will be. Consumption. The level depends not only on current income but also on expectations of future income. The overall level of social consumption is closely related to the size of people's income gap. If the income gap is too large, the overall social consumption level will decrease.

(2) Price changes will affect people’s purchasing power. Prices rise and purchasing power decreases

Test point 14: Consumption type (A)

(1) According to product type: tangible goods consumption and labor service consumption.

(2) According to different transaction methods: money and goods consumption, loan consumption, leasing consumption.

(3) According to the purpose of consumption: life consumption can be divided into consumption of survival materials (the most basic), consumption of development materials and consumption of enjoyment materials.

Test point 15: The meaning of consumption structure and Engel coefficient (B)

(1) The meaning of consumption structure: reflects the proportion of people’s various types of expenditures in total consumption expenditure< /p>

(2) The meaning of Engel’s coefficient: the proportion of food expenditures in total household expenditures. It is a coefficient that reflects people’s consumption structure and level.

(3) The relationship between the size of the Engel coefficient and changes in the consumption structure:

The larger the Engel coefficient, the greater the proportion of food expenditure in the total household expenditure, which will inevitably affect other Consumption affects the development and enjoyment of materials. The increase in consumption limits the level of consumption and the quality of consumption, resulting in a single consumption structure and low consumption levels. The smaller the Engel coefficient is, the more complete and optimized people's consumption structure is, and the higher people's consumption level is.

Test point 16: Establish a correct concept of consumption and be a rational consumer (C)

(1) Live according to your needs and consume in moderation.

(Excessive saving is not advisable)

The so-called moderate consumption: consumption is consistent with one's own economic affordability, and consumption is reasonable, including not lagging behind consumption and not advancing consumption.

(2) Avoid blind obedience and consume rationally.

Be assertive in consumption, keep a cool head, avoid following the trend, avoid emotional consumption, avoid the tendency to only focus on material consumption and ignore spiritual consumption, and ensure the coordinated development of material consumption and spiritual consumption.

(3) Protect the environment and consume green.

① Reflect the requirements of the new development concept, correctly handle the relationship between man and nature, and develop harmoniously. At its core is sustainable consumption.

② Green consumption is a general term for various consumer behaviors that are aimed at protecting consumer health and saving resources and comply with human health and environmental protection standards.

③Green consumption reflects and requires 5R (A. Save resources and reduce pollution; B. Green life and environmentally friendly purchasing; C. Reuse and multiple uses; D. Classified recycling and recycling ; E. Protect nature and ensure the survival of all things).

(4) Be diligent, frugal and work hard. (Tradition, national conditions)

① Diligence, thrift and hard work are the traditional virtues and fine styles of the Chinese nation. As a kind of spiritual wealth, they can help us overcome the difficulties of material life and achieve new achievements. Our country is a big and developing country, and we must avoid extravagance and adopt simplicity.

②The spirit of diligence, thrift and hard work, as a kind of spiritual wealth, should be developed at all times. Practice has proved that the view that the style of diligence, thrift and hard work is outdated is very wrong and harmful.

Unit 2 Life and Consumption

Test Point 1: The Relationship between Production and Consumption (B)

(1) Production determines consumption.

The specific manifestations are:

① Production determines the objects of consumption, ② Production determines the mode of consumption, ③ Production determines the quality and level of consumption, and ④ Production creates power for consumption.

(2) Consumption plays an important counter-effect on production, and the development of consumption promotes the development of production: (It is wrong that consumption determines production)

① New needs formed by consumption , plays a guiding role in the adjustment and upgrading of production.

②Only when the produced products are consumed, the production behavior of this product is finally completed. Consumption is the purpose of production.

③The emergence of a new consumption hot spot can often drive the emergence and growth of an industry. Consumption is the driving force of production.

④ Consumption creates new labor force for production, improves the quality of labor force, and increases workers’ enthusiasm for production.

Test point 2: The significance of vigorously developing productive forces (A)

Only by vigorously developing productive forces can we establish a strong material and technological foundation for consolidating the socialist system and get rid of economic and cultural backwardness. , narrow the gap left over from history with developed countries, catch up with or even surpass developed countries, fully demonstrating the superiority of the socialist system; only then can we continuously enhance our comprehensive national strength and improve our country's international status.

Test point 3: Reflection of the dominant position of public ownership (A)

(1) Public assets dominate the total social assets. This is across the country, and there may be differences in some places and in some industries.

(2) The state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development. The leading role of the state-owned economy is mainly reflected in its control power, that is, its ability to control the development direction of the national economy, control the overall situation of economic operation, and control important and scarce resources. In important industries and key areas related to the lifeline of the national economy, the state-owned economy must occupy a dominant position.

Test point 4: The content of the basic economic system in the primary stage of socialism in my country, the reasons and significance of implementing this system (B)

(1) The basic economic system in the primary stage of socialism Content: Public ownership is the mainstay and multiple ownership economies develop simultaneously.

(2) The reasons for implementing a basic economic system in which public ownership is the main body and multiple ownership economies develop simultaneously: A is suitable for the unbalanced and multi-level development of productive forces in the primary stage of socialism B is consistent with socialism essential requirements.

(3) Significance: Practice has proven that it is conducive to promoting the development of productive forces, enhancing comprehensive national strength, and improving people's living standards.

Note: Public ownership is the fundamental economic system, fundamental ≠ basic

Test point 5: The meaning of enterprise (A)

Enterprises engage in production for the purpose of profit Business activities, economic organizations that provide goods or services to the society.

Test point 6: The meaning and form of a company (A)

A company is a corporate legal person established in accordance with the law, with all capital contributed by shareholders, and for the purpose of profit.

Company form: limited liability company and joint stock company

Test point 7: Establish a correct view of employment (C)

(1) Establish a view of independent career choice. Make your own decisions based on personal interests, expertise and conditions. This is conducive to giving full play to everyone's intelligence and mobilizing everyone's production enthusiasm and creativity.

(2) Establish a competitive outlook on employment. It is necessary to achieve independent career choice through labor market competition. We must study hard, improve our skills and qualities, change our concepts, and proactively adapt to the needs of the labor market.

(3) Establish a concept of professional equality. Workers in various legitimate professions are necessary to create social wealth, and there is no distinction between high and low. No matter what job you are engaged in, as long as you are down-to-earth and conscientious, you can make a difference. (Line 360)

(4) Establish a view of employment in various ways. The modern market economy and information technology have led to the diversification of employment forms. Employment methods such as freelancing, flexible working days, and temporary workers are constantly increasing, allowing for more flexible choices. Diversified pathways.

Test point 8: The main rights enjoyed by workers in accordance with the law (A)

The rights enjoyed by workers in my country: ① equal rights to employment and choice of occupation; ② the right to receive labor remuneration ; ③ The right to rest and vacation; ④ The right to obtain labor safety and health protection; ⑤ Receive vocational skills training; ⑥ Enjoy social insurance and welfare; ⑦ The right to submit labor disputes; ⑧ Other rights stipulated by law.

Test point 9: Ways to safeguard workers’ rights and interests according to law (B)

Measures:

(1) Country: The party and the government are implementing active employment policies , while striving to expand employment, strengthen labor protection, improve working conditions, and improve the social security system.

(2) Workers

① The enjoyment of rights by workers is predicated on the fulfillment of workers’ obligations. Therefore, consciously fulfilling the obligations of workers is the basis for obtaining rights and safeguarding rights and interests.

② Our country implements a labor contract system, and signing labor contracts in accordance with the law is an important basis for safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of workers.

③Workers should enhance their rights awareness and legal awareness. When rights and interests are infringed, it is the right choice for every worker to defend their rights through legal means and legal procedures. (Specific ways: lodging, negotiation, applying for mediation, applying for arbitration, filing a lawsuit in court)

Test point 10: Types of savings deposits (A)

Current savings and regular savings

Test point 11: Commercial banks and main businesses in my country (A)

(1) Commercial banks

Meaning: refers to the business of absorbing public deposits, granting loans, handling settlements, etc. A financial institution with profit as its main business objective.

(2) There are three main types of business of commercial banks: First, deposit business. This is the basic business of commercial banks. Second, loan business. It is the main business of commercial banks and the main source of profits for commercial banks. Third, settlement business.

Test point 12: Compare the similarities and differences between savings, bonds, stocks, and commercial insurance (C)

(1) Savings, bonds, stocks, and commercial insurance are currently the most popular investment and financial management methods in our country. The main investment method of residents.

(2) Current savings are flexible and convenient. Regular savings have a long deposit period, are relatively fixed, and are highly accumulative. However, the rate of return is lower than stocks and bonds. Compared with commercial insurance, deposit savings are not immune to risks such as accidents. Have liability for compensation.

(3) Bond purchases can be divided into government bonds, financial bonds, and corporate bonds. Compared with savings, government bonds bear the responsibility of repaying principal and interest, have low risks, good safety, can be transferred and mortgaged, and have higher interest rates than savings; financial bonds and corporate bonds have higher returns than savings, but have certain risks; Compared with stocks, the beneficial rights and repayment methods are different, and the risks are not as high as stocks; compared with purchasing insurance, the debtor does not have an accident compensation obligation to the creditor.

(4) Buying stocks has the highest risk, but the returns are often the highest.

(5) Compared with other investment methods, purchasing commercial insurance can obtain the maximum compensation with the minimum investment when risks occur.

Unit 3 Income and Distribution

Test Point 1: The Basic Content and Requirements of Distribution According to Work (A)

Distribution according to work is an important aspect of socialist public ownership Basic principles of distribution of personal consumption goods in the economy. (The same applies to farmers farming)

The basic content and requirements of distribution according to work are: in the public ownership economy, after making various necessary deductions from the total social product, the labor provided by workers to the society ( Including the quantity and quality of labor), personal consumption goods are allocated based on the scale. The more you work, the more you get, and the less you work, the less you get.

Test point 2: Distribution according to the labor results of individual workers and distribution according to production factors (A)

In the primary stage of socialism in our country, in addition to distribution according to work, there are many other Distribution methods mainly include distribution according to individual labor results and distribution according to production factors. (Income channels can be diverse)

Test point 3: The objective necessity of my country’s implementation of a distribution system in which distribution according to work is the mainstay and multiple distribution methods coexist (B)

(1) Direct reasons : Production determines distribution, and the ownership form of production means determines the distribution method. In the primary stage of socialism, a basic economic system is implemented in which public ownership is the main body and multiple ownership economies develop simultaneously. Accordingly, distribution according to work is mainly implemented. A distribution system in which multiple distribution methods coexist.

(2) Fundamental reason: It is determined by the development of my country’s current productivity level.

(3) It is also a requirement of my country’s socialist market economy.

Test point 4: The main manifestations and significance of fair income distribution (B)

Fairness in income distribution is mainly manifested in the relative equality of income distribution, that is, the income between members of society is required The gap cannot be too great, and people's basic living needs must be guaranteed.

Significance: Fair income distribution is the embodiment of the socialist distribution principle. It helps to coordinate the economic interests among people and achieve economic development and social harmony.

Test point 5: The role of my country’s finance (B)

(1) National finance is the material guarantee to promote social equity and improve people’s lives.

(2) National finance has the role of promoting the rational allocation of resources.

(3) National finance has the role of promoting the smooth operation of the national economy.

Test point 6: Sources of fiscal revenue (A)

Fiscal revenue includes tax revenue, profit revenue, debt revenue and other revenue (taxes, profits, debts, fees). Among them, tax revenue is the main source of fiscal revenue.

Tax revenue: It is the most widely collected, stable and reliable form of fiscal revenue.

Profit income: the part of the after-tax profits of state-owned enterprises that is turned over to the state in accordance with regulations

Debt income: loans, bonds, loans

Other income: fees, fines and confiscations and public utility revenue

Test point 7: Three situations of the relationship between fiscal revenue and expenditure (A)

(1) Fiscal revenue and expenditure balance means that the fiscal revenue of the current year is equal to expenditure, or If the income exceeds the expenditure, there will be a slight surplus, or if the expenditure exceeds the income, there will be a slight deficit.

(2) Fiscal deficit refers to the part in which the fiscal expenditure of the current year is greater than the fiscal revenue. The fiscal deficit must be controlled within a certain range.

(2) Fiscal surplus refers to the part where the fiscal expenditure of the current year is less than the fiscal revenue.

Test point 8: The meaning of taxation (A)

Taxation is In order to realize its functions, the state relies on its political power to obtain fiscal revenue free of charge in accordance with the law.

Test point 9: Basic characteristics of taxation (B)

Taxation is mandatory, free and fixed. These characteristics are the main features that distinguish taxation from other forms of fiscal revenue.

Taxation is mandatory (two-way: taxpayers, tax authorities). The state relies on political rights (compulsory reasons)

Taxation is free (relative but not absolute)

The tax body is fixed (relative, in the form of law)

The relationship between the three: the three characteristics are closely related and inseparable.

① The gratuitous nature of tax requires that it be mandatory, and compulsory is the guarantee of gratuitousness; ② The mandatory and gratuitous nature of taxation determines that it must be fixed.

Test point 10: Paying taxes in accordance with the law is the basic obligation of citizens (B)

(1) The necessity for citizens to consciously pay taxes (that is, why they must pay taxes in accordance with the law)

① Since our country is a socialist country where the people are the masters of the country, this determines that the nature of our country’s tax revenue is to be taken from the people and used for the people.

② National interests, collective interests, and individual interests are fundamentally the same. The prosperity, prosperity and strength of a country are closely related to every citizen. The realization of various functions of the country must be based on various taxes paid by all sectors of society as the material basis.

③Citizens who enjoy various services provided by the state must assume their obligations and consciously pay taxes in good faith.

Why is it said that paying taxes in accordance with the law is the basic obligation of citizens?

① In our country, taxation is taken from the people and used for the people. National interests, collective interests, and personal interests are fundamental are consistent.

②The prosperity, prosperity and strength of a country are closely related to every citizen.

③The realization of various functions of the state must be based on taxes paid by all sectors of society as the material basis.

(2) Four manifestations of violating tax laws

Tax evasion: deception, concealment, failure to pay or underpayment

Tax arrears: failure to pay on time and tax arrears Tax fraud

Tax fraud: defrauding the country’s tax benefits, false listings and false declarations

Tax resistance: violence and rejection

(3) Citizens must enhance taxpayer awareness< /p>

① You must pay taxes in accordance with the law and supervise others to pay taxes in accordance with the law.

② Citizens should enhance their awareness of supervision of the power of national public officials and government officials, actively pay attention to the state's collection, management and use of taxation with a master's attitude, and criticize and criticize corruption and waste of state assets. Report to safeguard the interests of the people and the country.

Unit 4: Market Economy

Test Point 1: The positive role of the market in allocating resources (B),

The important role of the market in allocating resources:

① The market can reflect changes in supply and demand through price fluctuations, convey market supply and demand information, and achieve reasonable allocation of resources.

② In the face of market competition, commodity producers and operators actively adjust production and operation activities under the influence of interest levers, thereby promoting the progress of science, technology and business management, and promoting the improvement of labor productivity and the utilization of resources. Use effectively.

Test point 2: Measures to standardize market order (B)

(1) The significance of standardizing market order: Only with a fair and just market order can the market allocate resources reasonably.

(2) Measures to standardize market order:

① Formulate market rules. Market rules provide specific provisions on all aspects of market operation in the form of laws, regulations, industry norms, market ethics, etc. (Market rules mainly include market access rules, market competition rules, and market transaction rules)

Note: Market transaction rules include voluntariness (negative example: forced buying and selling), equality, fairness, honesty and trustworthiness.

② Strengthen social credit construction and improve the social credit system. Honesty and trustworthiness are essential conditions for the normal operation of a modern market economy. Forming a social credit system supported by morality, based on property rights, and protected by law is the fundamental strategy for regulating market order.

③Every economic activity participant must learn the law, understand the law, abide by the law, and use it to ensure that his economic activities comply with the legal norms and be able to use the law to protect his own rights and interests.

④Every participant in economic activities should establish the concept of integrity, abide by market ethics, and gradually form a good trend in the whole society of honesty as the basis and ethics as the priority.

Test point 3: Limitations of market regulation (A)

(1) Market regulation is not omnipotent.

(2) Market regulation has inherent disadvantages such as spontaneity, blindness, and lag.

Note: Spontaneity: purely for immediate benefits (characteristics), blindness: "rushing in"

Test point 4: Basic characteristics of the socialist market economy (A)< /p>

(1) The socialist market economy is integrated with the basic socialist system, and the market plays a fundamental role in resource allocation under national macro-control.

(2) The basic characteristics of the socialist market economy:

① Adhere to the dominant position of public ownership, which is the basic symbol of the socialist market economy.

② The fundamental goal is to achieve common prosperity.

③The country can implement strong macro-control (an inherent requirement of the socialist market economy)

Test point 5: The meaning, main goals and means of my country's macro-control (B)

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(1) The meaning of macro-control: refers to the comprehensive use of various means by the state to regulate and control the national economy.

(2) The main goals of macro-control: to promote economic growth, increase employment, stabilize prices, and maintain a balance of international payments.

(3) Means of macro-control: economic means, legal means and necessary administrative means

① Economic means: refers to the state’s use of economic policies and plans to adjust economic interests. Measures to influence and regulate economic activity. (Expansion and tightening fiscal policies, monetary policies, etc., adjust the relationship between supply and demand, and have slow results)

②Legal means: refers to the means by which the state regulates economic activities by formulating and applying economic regulations.

③Administrative means: It is a means of regulating and managing the economy through administrative agencies and taking measures such as mandatory administrative orders, instructions and regulations. (Quick results)

Mainly economic means and legal means, supplemented by necessary administrative means.

Test point 6: The connotation of the scientific outlook on development (B)

(1) The first importance is development.

(2) The core is to insist on people-oriented.

(3) The basic requirement is comprehensive coordination and sustainability.

(4) Fundamental approach: overall planning

Test point 7: Main measures to promote sound and rapid development of the national economy (C)

① Improve independent innovation capabilities to build an innovative country.

② Accelerate the transformation of economic development methods and promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure.

Connotation: Adhere to using informatization to drive industrialization, use industrialization to promote informatization, and find a new industrialization path with high scientific and technological content, good economic benefits, low resource consumption, less environmental pollution, and full use of human resource advantages. . Form an industrial pattern with high and new technologies as the forerunner, basic industries and manufacturing as the support, and the service industry developing in an all-round way.

③Coordinate urban and rural development and promote the construction of a new socialist countryside.

④ Strengthen energy resource conservation and ecological environment protection, and enhance sustainable development capabilities.

⑤ Promote coordinated regional development and narrow regional development gaps.

Test point 8: The meaning, main manifestations and impact of economic globalization (A)

(1) The meaning of economic globalization: refers to the global distribution of goods, services, technology and capital The flow and allocation within the scope make the economies of various countries increasingly interdependent and interconnected.

(2) The main manifestations of economic globalization: production globalization, trade globalization, and capital globalization.

(1) The positive impact of economic globalization: it promotes the development of productivity. Specifically, it promotes the global flow of production factors, the improvement of the level of international division of labor, and the rapid development of international trade, thereby promoting the improvement of resource allocation efficiency worldwide and the development of productivity in various countries, and providing economic support for various countries. A broader space for development.

(2) The negative impact of economic globalization.

① Economic globalization is essentially led by developed capitalist countries.

② Economic globalization has aggravated the imbalance of world economic development and made polarization more serious.

③ Economic globalization has intensified the instability of the global economy, especially posing a great threat to the economic security of developing countries.

Test point 9: The role and basic principles of the World Trade Organization (A)

(1) The role of the World Trade Organization: ① Actively organize multilateral negotiations. ② Develop a series of basic principles and agreements for international trade. ③ Provide members with a place to resolve trade frictions and conflicts.

(2) The basic principles of the WTO: the principle of non-discrimination, the principle of market access, the principle of reciprocity, the principle of fair competition and fair trade, and the principle of transparency in trade policies and regulations. The most important of these is the principle of non-discrimination, including the principle of most-favored-nation treatment and national treatment.

Test point 10: Opening up to the outside world must adhere to the principles of independence and self-reliance (B)

(1) Pattern of opening up to the outside world: After more than 20 years of development, my country’s opening up to the outside world has gradually formed a comprehensive A comprehensive, wide-ranging, and multi-level opening-up pattern.

(2) Comprehensively improve the level of opening up to the outside world and promote my country’s economic development.

To adapt to the trend of economic globalization and the new situation (reasons) of joining the WTO, our country must comprehensively improve the level of opening up to the outside world and participate in international economic and technological cooperation and cooperation on a larger scale, in wider fields and at a higher level. Competition, making full use of both international and domestic markets, optimizing resource allocation, expanding development space, and promoting my country's economic development (goal).

(3) Adhering to the combination of "bringing in" and "going out" is my country's basic strategy to comprehensively improve the level of opening up to the outside world.

(4) When my country implements opening up to the outside world and develops foreign economic relations, it must always adhere to the principles of independence and self-reliance.