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The relationship between spot trading, forward trading and futures trading is ().
Answer: a, c, d

Forward trading is spot trading, which is an extension of spot trading in time. Futures trading is developed on the basis of spot trading. Both are agreements between buyers and sellers to buy or sell a certain amount of goods at an agreed price at a certain time in the future. The main difference is that there are standardized and non-standardized forward contracts between them, so options A, C and D are correct. Futures trading is not spot trading, so item B is wrong.