Some scholars believe that the achievement of biology is the dominant factor in science and technology in the 21st century. It seems to be an indisputable fact that biotechnology is the fastest developing field in high technology today. Scientists predict that life science will make revolutionary progress by 215. These advances can help mankind to solve many incurable diseases, completely eliminate malnutrition, improve food production methods, eliminate all kinds of pollution, prolong human life, improve the quality of life, and provide new means for social security and criminal investigation. Some achievements can also help human beings to accelerate the artificial evolution of plants and animals and improve the impact of the ecological environment on human beings. Research on the generation of new organic life will also make progress. The possible breakthrough areas include: 1. The quality and quantity of human life. With the improvement of the quality of life, the life span of human beings can be significantly extended by 215. Advances in disease control, customized drugs, gene therapy, anti-aging and rejuvenation, memory drugs, restorative medicine, bionic transplantation, animal transplantation and many other fields can continue to improve the quality of human life and prolong human life. Advances in some fields (such as artificial sensors) can make human physiological functions exceed the current level. In these areas, developed countries benefit more than developing countries. 2. Eugenics and Cloning Technology By 215, human beings will probably be able to use genetic engineering technology to improve human beings and clone human beings. This is undoubtedly the most controversial focus in human history. It is difficult to predict whether this research will be widely carried out by 215, and the technology of human cloning may not be mature enough by 215. However, we can at least foresee that there will be some research on using gene therapy to treat genetic diseases and cloning experiments with pranks. At present, the controversy about human cloning will reach its peak in 215 at the latest. The revolution of biotechnology will inevitably bring some problems, and there may also be unexpected changes at present. At present, there have been strong disputes about ethics, morality, religion, privacy and environment in genetically modified food, cloning technology and genome mapping. The emergence of these problems should not affect the revolution of biotechnology, but with the continuous expansion of people affected by the power of biotechnology, biotechnology will continue to modify its development process in the next 15 years. The revolution of biology depends not only on the development of biological science and biotechnology, but also on the technological trends in many related fields, such as MEMS, materials science, image processing, sensors and information technology. Although the rapid development of biotechnology makes it difficult for people to make accurate predictions, the progress in genome mapping, cloning technology, genetic modification technology, biomedical engineering, disease therapy and drug development is accelerating. Genomics In 215, biotechnology will make new progress in the following research fields related to genetic genes. 1. Genetic map and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis The appearance of DNA analyzer and DNA chip system can improve the ability of genetic analysis, improve the process of drug development and accelerate the maturity of biosensor. By 215, humans will probably be able to decode and describe the genomes of plants (from food crops such as rice and corn to productive plants used as pulp raw materials) and animals (from bacteria to insects and mammals). Because genes are related to function and behavior, human beings can use the gene maps of animals and plants to diagnose human diseases more accurately, design targeted drugs according to patients' specific symptoms and systemic reactions, accurately predict the development trend of diseases and track the development trend of diseases on a global scale. It is worth noting that the relationship between genes and functions has been generally recognized, but other factors such as environment and phenotype also play an important role in modification. Gene therapy will also make progress, but it may not be mature enough by 215. Genetic map will play an important role in security, criminal investigation and law. DNA identification can make up for the shortcomings of existing biometric technologies (such as retina and fingerprint identification) in the intervention control of security systems (such as computers, security zones and weapons), the identification of criminals through DNA residues left in crime scenes and the identification of authenticity of artworks. Genetic identification may become the most commonly used tool to deal with kidnapping, paternity determination and fraud cases. Biosensors (some of which are made by genetic methods) will also play an important role in detecting the threat of biological weapons, improving the quality testing methods of food and water, real-time health monitoring and medical laboratory analysis. These technologies can significantly improve the diagnosis of diseases, understand the development trend of diseases and improve the monitoring ability, thus fundamentally changing the way of health services. Although many people are optimistic today, there will still be many technical obstacles affecting the development of genomics by 215. One-sided solutions to sequencing coding, conduction, isomer adjustment, activation and final function will all become technical obstacles affecting the development of bioengineering. Having excessive rights over genetic code will also delay the progress of research and the final application of research results. But we can't go to the other extreme. If we can't effectively protect the patent of sequencing code, it will also affect the commercial investment of biotechnology and delay the progress of research and the final application of research results. 2. Cloning technology artificially produces organisms with the same genetic traits through cloning technology, which is of great significance for cultivating crops, livestock and experimental animals. Cloning technology may become the main means to quickly bring artificial characteristics to market, continue to maintain these characteristics and produce the same organism in research and development. The research on human cloning will continue in countries that have not been banned, and perhaps progress will be made by 215. However, most countries in the world will restrict large-scale human cloning for ethical and health reasons. 3. Genetically modified organisms can not only record genetic codes and accurately clone organisms and microorganisms, but also manipulate the genetic codes of animals and plants, thus endowing life with some artificial characteristics to meet specific needs. Traditional techniques of genetic manipulation (such as cross pollination, breeding and irradiation) will be extended to directly insert, delete and modify genes in the laboratory. The application targets of this technology include food crops, productive plants, insects and animals. 4. Problems brought by genomics The great potential of genomics has brought new opportunities and many problems to mankind. When people can decode more and more organic substances and know more about the function of genes, people will pay more and more attention to the intellectual property rights and privacy rights of gene sequences. The ability to make personal DNA maps has aroused public concern about personal privacy and over-supervision. For example, public security departments use DNA signature databases to conduct criminal investigations, and insurance companies or employers use genetic genes to predict health tendencies, thus excluding some people. The practice of determining whether to accept insurance or employment based on genetic information has caused some policy problems. If the mechanism between genetic code and function is more clear, this kind of problem will bring more trouble. Development of therapies and drugs Apart from genetics, biotechnology can continue to improve therapies for preventing and treating diseases. These new therapies can block the ability of pathogens to enter and spread, make pathogens more fragile and make people's immune function respond to new pathogens. These methods can overcome the bad trend that pathogens are more and more resistant to antibiotics, and form a new offensive against infection. In addition to solving the traditional problems of bacteria and viruses, people are developing new treatments to solve the chemical imbalance and the accumulation of chemical components. For example, antibodies under development can attack cocaine in the body and can be used to treat addiction in the future. This method not only helps to improve the situation of drug addicts, but also has great influence on solving the global illegal drug trade problem. The emergence of various new technologies contributes to the development of new drugs. The combination of computer simulation and molecular image processing technology (such as atomic force microscope, mass spectrometer and scanning detection microscope) can continue to improve the ability to design molecules with specific functional characteristics and become a powerful tool for drug research and drug design. The simulation of the interaction between drugs and biological systems using drugs will become more and more useful tools in understanding the efficacy and drug safety. For example, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) used Dennis Noble's virtual heart simulation system to understand the mechanism of cardiac drugs and the significance of clinical trial observation results in the process of drug approval. By 215, this method may become the mainstream method for clinical drug trials of heart and other systems, and clinical drug trials of complex systems (such as brain) need more in-depth research on the functions and biology of these systems. At present, the cost of drug research and development has reached an unsustainable level, and the average cost of each drug before it is put on the market is about 6 million US dollars. Such a high cost will force the pharmaceutical industry to invest heavily in technological progress to enhance its long-term viability. The comprehensive utilization of genetic map, customized drug development based on phenotype, chemical simulation program and engineering program, and drug trial simulation technology has changed drug development from trial method to customized development, that is, new drugs will be designed, tested and used according to the in-depth understanding of drug reaction by drug users. This method can also save drugs that were rejected by a few patients in clinical trials in the past but may be accepted by most patients. This method can improve the success rate, reduce the trial cost, open up a new market for drugs with narrow application scope, and make drugs more suitable for symptomatic groups. If this technology matures, it can have a great impact on pharmaceutical industry and health insurance industry. It is worth noting that the protection of intellectual property rights in pharmaceutical industry is unbalanced all over the world. Some regions (such as Asia) will continue to focus on the production of drugs with expired patents, and some regions (such as the United States and Europe) will continue to develop new drugs in addition to continuing to produce low-profit drugs. Biomedical Engineering Many interdisciplinary research teams are accelerating the development of biomedical engineering, the main goal of which is to produce all kinds of organic and artificial tissues, organs and materials. 1. Technological progress in the design, manufacture and repair of organic tissues and organs may lead to the birth of organic and artificial body parts. The new progress of tissue regeneration and tissue repair will continue to improve the ability to solve health problems inside the human body. Artificial skin for trauma treatment has appeared in the field of tissue engineering with a history of less than 1 years. Cartilage growth technology for repair and replacement has entered the clinical trial stage, and the technology of treating heart diseases through the growth of functional tissues will be mature by 215. These advances depend on the progress of related technologies, including the development of biocompatible structural materials, three-dimensional catheter materials and multicellular materials, and the understanding of the growth process of cell tissues on structural materials. The research and application of stem cell therapy will continue to make progress, so that people can use these nonspecific cells to supplement or replace the functions of the brain or human body and various organs and structures. Scientists found the least specific stem cells in early embryos or fetal tissues, which triggered a debate on whether it is ethical to use stem cells in research and treatment. Alternative methods such as adult stem cells or stem cell cultivation can be a new way to produce cells on a large scale under the premise of reducing ethical disputes. The donor tissues, organ antibodies and regulatory protein obtained by transgenic technology can reduce rejection and improve xenotransplantation technology. For example, baboons or pigs can grow organs needed for human transplantation through transgenic technology or cloning technology. But this technology will not achieve large-scale success by 215. In addition to the phenomenon of rejection, social concern will also affect the practical application of xenotransplantation technology. People may worry that animal diseases will be transmitted to humans through allogeneic transplantation. In addition, there are ethical, moral and patent concerns that may cause restrictions on xenotransplantation by laws and regulations and affect its application scope. 2. Artificial materials, artificial organs and bioengineering In addition to organic structures, the research on designing and manufacturing artificial tissues and artificial organs for human use continues. Multifunctional materials being developed at present can be used as structural and functional materials of human body and bring new applications. For example, polymers with hydrophobic inner core and hydrophilic outer shell can be used to release hydrophobic drug molecules regularly, as carriers of gene therapy or inactive enzymes or as artificial tissues. Polymers with stable spatial arrangement can also be used as drug delivery routes. People are currently developing other materials for biomedicine. For example, the chlorinated colloid under development can take advantage of the high electronegativity of fluorine to improve its ability to transmit oxygen (as a substitute for blood in surgery) and can also be used as a drug delivery route. The hydrogel under development can control its swelling effect and can be used as a drug delivery route or a template for attaching growth materials in tissue engineering. Ceramic materials such as calcium oxide-phosphate-silica glass (gel glass), hydrocarbon apatite and calcium phosphate with biological activity can be used as grids, sponges and hydrogels to promote tissue growth. The coatings and surface treatment materials under development can improve the biocompatibility of transplanted materials, such as overcoming the problem of lack of inner cells in artificial blood cells and reducing thrombosis. Blood substitutes can change the blood storage and compensation system and avoid the danger of blood infection. The emergence of new manufacturing technology and information technology can enable us to produce biomedical materials according to customized sizes and shapes. For example, we can combine computer tomography with rapid prototyping technology to design new bones layer by layer by reverse engineering, so as to customize the bones made of ceramic materials according to the injured parts of hands, feet and heads. In addition to structures and organs, artificial repair of nervous system and sensing system can be achieved by 215. Retina and cochlea transplantation, spinal nerve and other nerve injury shunt, other artificial communication and simulation technologies will be improved and popularized due to the decrease of cost, thus eliminating many diseases that lead to blindness and deafness. This can reduce or eliminate the impact of severe disability on health and reduce the social burden. 3. The latest technologies such as biomimetics and applied biology, brain function image processing and elimination of animals have revolutionized people's understanding of human and animal intelligence and ability. These achievements will greatly deepen people's understanding of many phenomena by 215, such as false memory, attention, cognitive process and information processing. This can not only make people know more about human beings, but also better design artificial systems, such as autonomous robots and information systems. The structure and design principle of neuromorphological engineering is based on the structure of biological nervous system. People have designed novel control algorithms, vision chips, head-eye systems and biomimetic autonomous robots by using the principles of neuromorphological engineering. Although it is impossible to make a system with similar intelligence and ability to higher organisms at present, according to the current development trend, many useful functions may be realized by 215, such as cleaning rooms with a vacuum cleaner, prospecting or drilling.