From Tang Gaozu Li Yuan to Emperor Zhao Xuan Li (Zuo Muyou's brother), only seven or eight kinds of coins were issued in the last 29 years in the Tang Dynasty, but only three kinds were found in the official history, namely "Kaiyuan Tongbao", "Ganfeng Quanbao" and "Ganyuan Chongbao". This situation is in stark contrast to the dazzling money system of previous dynasties. It can be seen from this that the monetary policy in the Tang Dynasty was very stable and effective, and the basis of stability of course lies in the positive performance of coins themselves in the market circulation.
in the early Tang dynasty, the society was open and the economy was prosperous, and "Kaiyuan Tongbao" was always the protagonist in currency circulation. The early rulers made great efforts to control prices and keep Tongbao's reasonable currency and strong purchasing power, which was also one of the important characteristics of this period known as the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In the first year of Ganfeng (666), Tang Gaozong issued a "Ganfeng Quanbao" with a large face value, "taking one as ten of the old money". The money was beautifully made and slightly larger or equal to Kaiyuan money, but it stopped casting the next year because of inflation and resumed the use of Kaiyuan money. This is the first large denomination coin introduced in the Tang Dynasty.
after entering the mid-term, due to the social unrest caused by "An Shi Rebellion", the economy of the Tang Dynasty began to decline, and not only the state money system was in chaos, but also small privately minted money was rampant. During this period, the court introduced a new kind of money "Ganyuan Chongbao", which was issued in the first year of Ganyuan (758) after Tang Suzong took office. The following year, Su Zong made another "dry yuan treasure" of 5 yuan, but it was only about twice as heavy as ten yuan, which was a veritable virtual money. There are two foreign coins on the back of this money, so the spring family calls it the heavy wheel dry yuan. During the Dali period in Tang Daizong and the middle age of the founding of Tang Dezong, the government also cast two kinds of money, "Dali Yuanbao" and "Jianzhong Tongbao" respectively. However, in modern archaeological excavations, they rarely appeared in the caches of the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Central Plains, but were repeatedly unearthed in the ruins of ancient Qiuci in Kuqa, Xinjiang. This is a very precious witness for studying the exchange and influence between the Central Plains culture and the Silk Road civilization in the western regions in the middle of the Tang Dynasty.
The economy recovered in the late Tang Dynasty, which led to the recovery of the small flat money system, which was prominently manifested in the "Kaiyuan Tongbao" small flat money cast with place names. Because this kind of money began to be cast in Tang Wuzong Huichang five years (845), it is called "Huichang Kaiyuan" in history. At that time, due to the continuous civil war, the economy was sluggish and the currency was in short supply, and all the state capitals were casting money on the spot. Among them, Li Shen, the history of Huainan Festival, added the word "Chang" to the back of the new money and presented it to the court with the year number. This idea was appreciated by Tang Wuzong, so he ordered local money furnaces to add names such as Beijing, Luoyang, Yi, Jing, Guang and Fu when casting new "Kaiyuan Tongbao". At present, there are 23 kinds of "Huichang Kaiyuan" money handed down or unearthed in kind.
Although "Huichang Kaiyuan" is called a great landscape of ancient money by later generations, it is at the expense of the extreme measures of abolishing temples, destroying buddhas and casting money. Buddhism was very popular in the Tang Dynasty, and Buddhist temples and Lan Ruo were widely distributed in the world. However, the construction of temples and statues required a lot of copper materials, which made the situation of insufficient copper mining even more embarrassing when the country needed to increase the total amount of money. In order to solve this contradiction, in July of Huichang five years, Tang Wuzong ordered the whole country to "abandon temples, bronze statues and Zhong Qing's salt and iron ambassadors to cast money ... all the statues of gold, silver, copper and iron in the house of well-dressed men and women, and then accept the official in January. If it violates the law, the salt and iron envoy will be punished according to the copper ban law. As a result, only one month later, "there are more than 4,6 temples demolished in the world, 26,5 secularized monks and nuns, more than 4, households with two taxes, more than 4, houses in Lan Ruo, tens of millions of hectares of fertile land, and 15, handmaiden households with two taxes" (Old Tang Book? Wu Zongji "). This situation can be regarded as a meaningful footnote in the history of currency development in the Tang Dynasty.
question 2: there are several kinds of coins in the Tang dynasty, such as kaiyuan tongbao, fengquanbao, qianyuan chongbao, Dali yuanbao, Jianzhong tongbao, Huichang kaiyuan, deyi yuanbao and shuntian yuanbao. (not including coins from the Southern Tang Dynasty)
Question 3: What currency was used in the Tang Dynasty? Kaiyuan Tongbao, before Kaiyuan Tongbao, was the monetary reform in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It seems that both gold and silver can be circulated, and the daily settlement is mainly in copper coins.
Question 4: What coins were used in the dynasties from Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty? In the early Han Dynasty, it was about 12 baht (124 baht).
When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was set at five baht, that is, five baht heavy copper coins.
In the Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan. Because a catty in the Tang Dynasty was more than twice as heavy as a catty in the Western Han Dynasty, Kaiyuan Tongbao was slightly heavier than five baht in the Western Han Dynasty
Question 5: What currency was used in the Tang Dynasty? What was the consumption level at that time? After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, it quickly introduced its own coinage policy. In July of the fourth year of Wude, he "abolished five baht and started Kaiyuan Tongbao". Established Tongbao's legal tender status as a national mint. At the same time, it inherited the tradition of taking silk as currency in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and implemented the monetary system of "both money and silk" ―― money is copper coins, and silk is the general name of silk fabrics, including brocade, embroidery, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, etc. In fact, it is a diversified monetary system with both physical currency and metal currency.
After Zhenguan, silks and silks gradually withdrew from the money market, which led to the problem of "money shortage" which ended in the Tang Dynasty. The problem of "money shortage", which reflected the defects of the monetary system in the Tang Dynasty, could not be solved.
As for the consumption level, we can see from the purchasing power of money and the price level:
When Tang Gaozu first won the world, because the capital was expensive, it was even forbidden to slaughter the grain in the customs; Until ten years later, when Emperor Taizong succeeded to the throne, prices remained high everywhere. However, after only three years, the situation has improved: "To Zhenguan for three years ... rice fights three or four dollars".
When Gaozong was in power, prices were also low in the early stage. For five years, the millet in Luozhou was only two and a half yuan per bucket. Until the first year of Ganfeng, it was changed to cast Ganfeng Quanbao, which was worth ten dollars at a time, causing merchants to be blocked, rice and silk to be expensive, and because of years of fighting, farming was sluggish, causing prices to soar. For a long time, the rice bucket in Guanzhong area reached three or four hundred dollars. Later, from Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor to Tang Zhongzong's restoration, natural disasters continued, and "a hundred dollars for every meter" could be seen everywhere.
in the nearly fifty years of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty enjoyed political peace and economic prosperity. * * * Exchange bad money and increase the circulation of copper coins, so that the currency value and purchasing power of Tongbao currency are high and strong. At that time, each Wentongbao could buy 3.9 Jin of rice. Such a price level and such a purchasing power of money are the important symbols of the prosperous times of the Tang Dynasty.
After the "An Shi Rebellion" broke out, the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. Natural disasters are frequent, the expropriation is urgent and extravagant, and the peasant uprising is surging, which naturally causes the price to soar and the people to live in poverty. The desirable price level and currency purchasing power in the early Tang Dynasty are gone forever.
throughout the Tang dynasty, luxury was the most important thing in consumption. In Tianbao years, it was a house of noble officials, and "the price of a plate covered the property of ten Chinese people". Li Deyu, the prime minister of Wu Zongchao, "every piece of food costs about 3, yuan". Du Cong, the prime minister of the late Tang Dynasty, said that "the cost of a day is up to ten thousand yuan". Ordinary people earn thousands of dollars a year, and powerful people waste so much money in one day!
question 6: about the money in the Tang dynasty, the ancient hungry copper coins were threaded, and 1 is consistent. The idiom is that a penny is a penny, that is, 1 pence is consistent. The unit value of a penny is almost the same as that of a penny now, but it is much more valuable. 4 penetration is 4 yuan. But in the Tang dynasty, the family had 4 yuan, but it was rich. More famous than ten thousand yuan households in the early 198s.
In the Tang Dynasty, the monthly salary of nine officials was 5 stone meters = in the Tang Dynasty, the monthly salary of junior civil servants was 1 yuan.
. In the future, when encountering ancient monetary units, the following conversion system is adopted, which is convenient and has a feeling:
1 Two gold = RMB 2, =1 two silver
1 two silver = RMB 2 yuan =1, Wen Qian = 1 penetration (hanging). Money
1 pence = RMB .2 yuan
In addition: 1 stone meter =1 tael of silver
Under normal circumstances, 1 tael of silver can be exchanged for about 1,-1,5 taels of copper. In ancient times, it was usually said that 1 tael of money or 1 tael of money was 1, taels.
The diameter of each Kaiyuan Tongbao Tongqian in the Tang Dynasty was 8 cents. Ten pieces weighed 1 tael. Li Yuan was determined to reform the monetary system, abolish ancient coins of different weights, and adopt the idea of "opening a new era". The unified casting of [Kaiyuan Tongbao coins. Kaiyuan Tongbao opposed the old system of Qin and Han Dynasties. Qian Wen did not record the weight. It was the evolution of ancient Chinese currency from the weight of documents to Tongbao. Yuanbao.
Kaiyuan Tongbao coins were the earliest Tongbao coins in China. Since then, the weight of copper coins in China has stopped using Qian Wen. All of them are Tongbao. Yuanbao. This is relatively simple.
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Question 7: What coins were there in the Tang Dynasty? Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty in 618 AD. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, * * * quickly promulgated the monetary policy. In the autumn of Wude four years, * * * ordered the abolition of five baht and the casting and issuance of Kaiyuan Tongbao money. The diameter of Kaiyuan Tongbao was eight cents, weighing two baht and four ginseng, and ten articles of Kaiyuan Tongbao money was heavy.
the Tang dynasty established the legal status of the national mint. At the same time, it inherited the tradition of taking silk as currency in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and implemented the currency system of money and silk in parallel. The money mentioned here refers to copper coins-Kaiyuan Tongbao, and silk is the floorboard of silk fabrics, including brocade, embroidery, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, etc. In fact, it is a diversified currency system that uses physical currency and metal currency together.
question 8: what were the main coins in the Tang dynasty? When Li Yuan first entered Chang 'an, the people used the light money of Sui Dynasty, and it was only after 89, pieces were filled with rice hooves. It was in the fourth year of Wude that the monetary system of "baht" and "Liang" was changed in the past dynasties, and it became a "Tongbao" coin, named "Kaiyuan Tongbao". There are many kinds of coins in Kaiyuan Tongbao, including gold and silver besides copper, among which there are more silver, and less gold in Kaiyuan. When he was in Tang Gaozong, * * * was greatly dissatisfied when he saw that the benefits of deflation were obtained by private casting. He ordered to ban private casting and exchanged official money for private money at a ratio of five to one. However, there is a lack of interest, and some even collect private money and do not exchange it. So in the first year of Ganfeng (AD 666), Hu Ganfeng Quanbao was launched, and one was used as Kaiyuan Tongbao, with the purpose of increasing the price of distribution and making private money lose its support. The "Anshi Rebellion" in the late Xuanzong period of Tang Dynasty was a turning point in the history of Tang Dynasty. An Lushan and Shi Siming, two rebels, also issued coins ―― "Deyi Yuanbao" and "Shuntian Yuanbao". In July of the first year of Ganyuan, Tang Suzong, Cheng in the suggestion invited him to cast "Ganyuan Heavy Treasure", with one Ganyuan Heavy Treasure as ten Kaiyuan Tongbao. There seems to be a "Dali Yuanbao" money cast in Tang Daizong during the Dali period, which is not recorded in the history books, but it has been handed down in kind. In addition, "Jianzhong Tongbao" money has been handed down from generation to generation, with a diameter of 2.1 cm and a weight of 1.8-2 grams. It was written in official script in Qian Wen, and it was read in a spin, with no text on its back. These two kinds of money are relatively rough, and they are found in Xinjiang and other places, but less common in the mainland. In the fifth year of Huichang, Li Yan resolutely ordered the destruction of Buddha and the casting of money in the fifth year after he ascended the throne. He stipulated that only four temples should be left in Xijing (Chang 'an) and two in Tokyo, and the rest should be demolished. Monks should return to the common customs, and the fertile fields of temples should be confiscated, and monks and nuns should be sent back to their original places to engage in production. Smash all the Buddha statues, monks and nuns' alms bowls, bells and utensils in the temple and turn them into copper and money. There are 23 kinds of back-writing schemes discovered in Kaiyuan, Huichang, including "Chang, Jing, Luo, Yi, Lan, Xiang, Jing, Yue, Xuan, Hong, Tan, Yan, Run, Hubei, Ping, Zi, Xing, Liang, Guang, Fu, Gui, Dan and Yong". Among them, "Ping, Gui, Dan and Fu" are rare, especially the word "Yong". "Opening Xuanbao" is the last kind of money in the Tang Dynasty, with a diameter of 2.2 cm and a size similar to that of Ganyuan Chongbao Xiaopingqian. Qian Wen is a official script with a bare back. According to historical records, it was cast by Guiyang Qian Jian, and the number is very small. Because its Qian Wen is a "mysterious treasure", it is generally considered as merit money, which was cast for the joy of Tang Yizong, a Buddhist.
Kaiyuan Tongbao was the main currency in circulation in the Tang Dynasty. It was minted for nearly 3 years, with a long time, a large quantity and many editions, but most of them were small coins, and big money was very rare and controversial.
question 9: what monetary system was implemented in the Tang dynasty? After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, it quickly introduced its own coinage policy. In the fourth year of Wude (in July of 621), "Waste five baht money, and start with Kaiyuan Tongbao money, with a diameter of eight, weighing two baht and four, accumulating ten articles and weighing one or two, and a thousand articles weighing six catties and four two". Established the legal tender status of the national mint. At the same time, it inherited the tradition of taking silk as currency in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and implemented the monetary system of "both money and silk"-money is copper coins, and silk is the general name of silk fabrics, including brocade, embroidery, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, silk, etc. In fact, it is a diversified monetary system with both physical currency and metal currency. Tang * * * constantly issued laws to severely crack down on private casting and indiscriminate casting, and banned the use of evil money. However, due to the serious shortage of copper coins, the currency has been rising steadily, and private casting and indiscriminate casting are profitable, so the results are not ideal. A long-standing contradiction in social development after the implementation of the two tax laws is highlighted by the worsening problem of "money shortage".
Question 1: What currency was used in the reign of Li Yuan? Kaiyuan Tongbao was also a copper coin.
About the opening of Kaiyuan Tongbao, The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Records of Food Goods, stated that in July of the fourth year of Wude, five baht was abolished and Kaiyuan Tongbao was used. The diameter is eight points, and it weighs two baht and four. Ten essays weigh one or two, and a thousand essays weigh six catties and four liang. Still put money in prison in Luo, He, You, Yi and other states. The king of Qin and the king of Qi each gave three furnaces for casting money, and the right servant shot Pei Ji and gave one furnace. " This move marks that China's currency named after two baht officially withdrew from the historical stage and was replaced by a brand-new "Baowen Money" currency system. (Note 2: The so-called "Bao Wen Qian" means one dollar.