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Analysis on the Development of Export Credit Insurance in China
I. Introduction
Export credit insurance is a policy financial tool widely used by governments all over the world. It is a special policy measure to support domestic enterprises to carry out economic activities such as export trade, overseas investment and foreign contracted projects by providing foreign exchange collection guarantee, risk management and financing support. Because it integrates the national support policy into the market-oriented operation process of insurance, it is allowed by the World Trade Organization agreement and has become an important policy financial tool for governments to support exports. At present, 12% ~ 15% of the global trade volume is realized with the support of export credit insurance, and export credit insurance institutions in some countries even provide more than one third of their total exports in that year.
The role of export credit insurance is mainly reflected in the following four aspects:
(1) Improve market competitiveness and expand the scale of trade.
Insuring export credit insurance enables enterprises to adopt flexible settlement methods and accept commercial credit methods other than bank credit methods (such as D/P, D/A and OA). ). So that enterprises can give their buyers lower transaction costs, so as to seize trade opportunities to the greatest extent in the competition, improve the competitiveness of sales enterprises and expand the scale of trade.
(b) Improve the credit rating of creditor's rights and obtain financing facilities.
Export credit insurance covers the risk that the accounts receivable of enterprises come from foreign importers, thus turning the accounts receivable into assets with high security and liquidity, and becoming valuable assets for export enterprises in financing? Collateral Therefore, banks can lower the financing threshold of enterprises on the basis of effectively controlling risks.
(C) the establishment of risk prevention mechanisms to avoid the risk of accounts receivable
With the help of professional credit insurance institutions to prevent risks, we can gain the ability of risk identification and judgment that a single enterprise can not achieve, and get assistance in improving the internal risk management process. In addition, political risks beyond the control of both parties can be avoided through export credit insurance.
(four) compensation for losses, to ensure the safety of operation.
By applying for export credit insurance, the credit insurance institution will pay the insured enterprise when the risk occurs according to the contract, effectively making up the financial loss of the enterprise and ensuring the safety of the enterprise. At the same time, professional credit insurance institutions can achieve the recovery effect that enterprises can not achieve through their recovery ability.
Second, the economic analysis of the export credit insurance market
Export credit insurance companies can evaluate the credit of relevant customers, which solves the information asymmetry problem between importers and exporters to a certain extent and reduces the transaction costs of both parties. Moreover, when accounts receivable are difficult to be recovered due to malicious or malicious breach of contract by the other party, exporters often have no choice. As professional export credit insurance companies, they keep close contact with many lawyers and debt recovery companies all over the world and have rich experience in solving payment difficulties, which can help export enterprises solve the buyer's default problem and provide suggestions and measures to prevent and reduce losses.
For the above reasons, other things being equal, the supply of the insured manufacturers will increase and the supply curve will rotate to the right, which will change the equilibrium state of the export commodity market and the welfare state in the market.
As enterprises purchase export credit insurance, the total social welfare increases, which is one of the reasons for the existence of export credit insurance.
Third, suggestions for the development of China's export credit insurance
(A) to promote the innovation of export credit insurance business
At present, China still adopts export credit insurance? Unified insurance? Mode, export enterprises apply for export credit insurance at one time for all businesses in a certain period of time or in a certain regional market. The internationally accepted way is that enterprises can choose insurance products according to their own needs. According to the national foreign trade development strategy, insurance companies should introduce insurance products suitable for different export commodities and enterprises, reform underwriting methods, and cancel? Unified insurance? , the implementation of enterprise independent selective insurance.
(B) reduce the rate of China's export credit insurance products
High premium is an important reason why export credit insurance is not recognized by most enterprises. Insurance companies should reasonably reduce the rate of export credit insurance according to the actual situation in China, so that it can reach an acceptable level for enterprises.
(3) The state should increase its support for export credit insurance.
Since the global financial crisis in 2008, the economies of Europe, America and other countries have been severely impacted, plunged into recession, the unemployment rate has risen, consumer demand has shrunk dramatically, and countries have taken trade protection measures one after another, which has intensified international trade frictions. As the world's largest exporter, China is most affected by this, and the situation of domestic export enterprises is much worse than before. In order to promote stable economic development, it is necessary for the state to reduce the burden on export enterprises and consolidate the development of foreign trade. Export credit insurance can effectively reduce the risk of export enterprises, provide financing guarantee for enterprises, improve the market competitiveness of enterprises, and thus achieve the effect of promoting exports. Therefore, the state should vigorously support the development of China's export credit insurance, improve the underwriting capacity of China's export credit insurance institutions, broaden the scope of underwriting, and enhance the risk diversification function of export credit insurance to promote the development of China's foreign trade.
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On the positive significance of social insurance to strengthening human resource management
In the human resource management of enterprises, social insurance directly affects the economic benefits of enterprises and is one of its important contents. At present, the modernization system of enterprises in China is gradually established with the continuous reform and innovation of the economic system. Through the continuous integration of human resources, the obtained human resources will be integrated into the collective, and on the basis of continuously developing the potential of employees, their work enthusiasm and collective loyalty will be encouraged and maintained. Labor welfare and social security are important tasks in the process of human resource management and play an important role in enterprise management and social development.
First, the significance of social insurance in human resource management
The development of human resources has promoted the survival and development of enterprises. If an enterprise wants to develop in the long run, it must start from the main body of the enterprise. d？ D from the perspective of employees, pay attention to the interests of employees, pay social insurance for employees, so that employees can get corresponding protection, which will fully mobilize the enthusiasm of employees and improve their loyalty to the enterprise. Meanwhile, the long-term development of the enterprise will also lay a good foundation for the optimization of human resources [1].
Second, social insurance in human resources management problems
(A) The management of social insurance by enterprises is relatively backward.
While recognizing the importance of social insurance, enterprises should take scientific and standardized measures to manage it. However, enterprises cannot effectively combine incentive policies with performance appraisal, which reduces the input rate of social insurance, and sometimes the payment data is not true. At present, some enterprises blindly pursue the saving of human resources, reduce the cost of employing people, and lack the corresponding knowledge and means of social insurance management, which further affects the management quality of enterprise social insurance.
(b) Insufficient understanding of the importance of social insurance
Many enterprises have not made a comprehensive analysis and judgment of their own actual situation, so there is no way to make a reasonable formulation of social insurance. In addition, some enterprise managers' value orientation and management methods are misplaced, lacking consideration for the long-term development of enterprises, only paying attention to immediate interests, ignoring the interests of employees, and lacking understanding of the importance of social insurance. Employees want social insurance, but the manager just shirks it.
(C) the high social insurance payment, the lack of corresponding protection
At present, the gap between economic development, enterprises and employees is still very large. As far as enterprises are concerned, the total social insurance expenditure of enterprises is 26.9%, and the more capital investment, the heavier the burden of enterprises. As far as individuals are concerned, the total expenses paid by individuals are 10.5%, which is also a heavy burden. Social insurance plays an important role for stable employees, but for many people who often change jobs, social insurance can't give full play to their role, so such employees can't get corresponding protection [2].
Third, the positive significance of social insurance in strengthening human resource management.
(A) social insurance can improve the work efficiency of employees.
Employees are the main body of the enterprise and a very important resource. From the perspective of human resources, the performance management of enterprises depends on the work efficiency of employees. From this analysis, it is an important problem for enterprises to stimulate the enthusiasm of employees. If the social insurance system is designed effectively, it will stimulate employees' enthusiasm for work to a certain extent and constantly motivate employees to work. It can be seen that the social insurance system is the guarantee to improve the work efficiency of staff, stimulate their work enthusiasm, work hard to get more income, and thus improve their work efficiency.
The fundamental transformation of China's economic growth mode needs the support of social security, which is one of the important factors to promote China's economic development. It can be seen that economic growth and social insurance are closely related, complementary and mutually promoting. From the perspective of personal development, everyone will grow old slowly. When you are young, you will worry about not having old-age insurance. In their work and life, they will feel insecure because there is no corresponding guarantee in the future. It can be seen that endowment insurance can solve these problems well and provide protection for their work and life. In this way, when they are old, they will have their own stable source of income, and there will be no big gap with other peers, and they will not bring a burden to their children, thus improving their happiness in their later years.
(B) Social insurance can effectively reduce the cost of employing enterprises.
At present, many enterprises do not pay social insurance for their employees, so from the perspective of taking risks, enterprises have to bear greater risks, so enterprises will face greater financial pressure in their future development. Many enterprises only see immediate benefits. In order not to consider from the employee's point of view, it is often necessary to apply for social insurance after becoming a regular employee, which will not effectively reduce the employment cost of enterprises. In the event of an accident, enterprises will bear greater financial pressure, which is no small loss. Therefore, in order to really reduce the employment cost of enterprises, establishing and perfecting the social insurance system is the most effective way [3].
Four. conclusion
To sum up, this paper focuses on the value of social insurance, analyzes some problems existing in social insurance in human resource management, and expounds the positive significance of social insurance in strengthening human resource management. In order to adapt to the development of social economy, enterprises should adhere to the people-oriented principle, combine the subjective factors of employees with the actual situation of enterprises, improve the welfare system of employees to ensure the implementation and development of the social insurance system, and achieve a win-win situation of improving employees' enthusiasm and realizing enterprise profit targets.
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