1, enamel:

In fact, it is a composite material in which inorganic glassy materials are fused on the base metal and firmly combined with the metal. It is mainly composed of metal materials for enamel and porcelain glaze (inorganic glassy materials).

1, metal material for enamel

Metal materials of enamel mainly include steel, cast iron, aluminum, copper and stainless steel. Enamel steel (mainly steel plate) generally refers to low-carbon steel plate, that is, steel plate with low carbon content (generally ≤0.08%), which is the main material of positive displacement water heater liner. Because its chemical composition, internal microstructure (metallographic structure), surface condition and mechanical properties play an important role in the quality of enamel, at present, the larger water heater manufacturers in the market all adopt steel plates for enamel produced by Baosteel or WISCO to ensure the enamel quality of the inner container.

Cast iron for enamel refers to iron-carbon alloy with carbon content above 2. 1 1% (iron-carbon alloy with carbon content less than 2. 1 1% is called steel), which is mainly used to produce sanitary wares (bathtubs), chemical instruments, cookers and sewer pipes.

The aluminum materials used for enamel are mainly pure aluminum and aluminum-magnesium alloy. The main copper materials used in enamel are copper (pure copper), brass (copper-zinc alloy) and bronze (copper-tin alloy), among which copper and brass are the most widely used. Cloisonne, a representative copper enamel product, is a copper-based copper enamel product. Stainless steel can generally be coated, but because of its strong oxidation resistance, special enamel glaze is needed, and because of the high processing cost, this scheme is rarely used now.

2. Porcelain glaze (inorganic vitreous material)

The raw materials of enamel mainly include mineral raw materials, chemical raw materials and pigment raw materials.

Mineral raw materials are the main components of enamel, accounting for a large proportion (different manufacturers at home and abroad are different). It mainly includes: timely (mainly composed of silicon dioxide -SiO2), feldspar (silicate of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, commonly used potassium feldspar-K2OAl2O36SiO2), clay (hydrous aluminosilicate mineral, mainly Al2O36SiO2 and crystal water).

Chemical raw materials are auxiliary components of porcelain glaze, including borax (Na2B4O7 10H2O), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), soda ash (Na2CO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium oxide (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and antimony oxide (Fe2O3).

Pigment raw material refers to the material used to decorate the glaze color of porcelain. * * * There are eight kinds: black, blue, brown, gray, green, pink, white and yellow.

Porcelain glaze is made by melting the above three raw materials according to a certain proportion (different manufacturers) at a high temperature of about 1200℃ and quickly cooling them into granular or flaky borosilicate glass. According to the process performance, it is divided into base glaze, surface glaze, edge glaze and decorative glaze; According to the different matrix materials, it can be divided into steel plate glaze, cast iron glaze, copper enamel glaze, aluminum enamel glaze and stainless steel enamel.

enamel

enamel

A composite material in which one or several layers of porcelain glaze are coated on the surface of metal, and the two are firmly combined through the physical and chemical reaction of firing. It used to be called enamel. It not only has the inherent mechanical strength and processability of metal, but also has the corrosion resistance, wear resistance, heat resistance, non-toxicity and decoration of the coating. Enamel originated from glass decorative metal. Ancient Egypt first appeared, followed by Greece. In the 6th century, inlaid enamel, carved enamel, embossed enamel, transparent enamel and painting enamel appeared in Europe. In the 8th century, China began to develop enamel color. By the end of 14, the enamel color technology became more and more mature, especially the products made during the Jingtai period of the Ming Dynasty in the middle of 15, so it was called cloisonne. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, cast iron enamel was developed in Europe, which laid the foundation for the development of enamel from handicrafts to daily necessities. However, the application of cast iron enamel was limited because of the backward casting technology at that time. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, the development of various industries promoted the rise of steel plate enamel and opened a new era of modern enamel. From the end of 19 to the first half of the 20th century, the appearance of various enamels with different properties, the popularization and application of metal materials such as steel plates, and the constant updating of refractory materials, kilns and enamel technologies accelerated the development of enamel industry.

There are many kinds of enamel, which can be divided into artistic enamel, daily enamel, sanitary enamel, architectural enamel, industrial enamel and special enamel. Enamel production mainly includes glaze making, blank making, glaze coating, drying, firing and inspection. Used for artistic enamel, daily enamel, sanitary enamel, architectural enamel, etc. For the needs of appearance decoration and use, decoration and assembly are needed. Industrial enamel equipment needs to be tested before assembly.

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2. "Ceramics" is a general term, including pottery and porcelain. There are great differences between "pottery" and "porcelain" in texture and physical properties. China was one of the first countries to make pottery and invent porcelain.

As early as 1000 years ago, when Europeans mastered porcelain manufacturing technology, China people had already produced exquisite ceramics. China is one of the earliest countries to use pottery in the world, and China porcelain is highly praised by the world for its high practicality and artistry.

There are three kinds of ceramics: daily-use ceramics, artistic ceramics and architectural ceramics. Archaeological findings prove that China people invented pottery as early as the Neolithic Age (about 8000-2000 BC). Agricultural production in the late primitive society made the ancestors of China people live a relatively fixed life, and there was an objective demand for pottery. In order to improve the convenience and quality of life, people gradually burn pottery by firing clay.

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