catalogue
Basic knowledge of college entrance examination history
Necessary knowledge of college entrance examination history
Error-prone knowledge of college entrance examination history
Sui and Tang Dynasties —— The Rise and Fall of Feudal Society
Essential knowledge points of college entrance examination history
Basic knowledge of college entrance examination history
First, the strengthening of centralization in the early Song Dynasty.
Measures: ① militarily: drink a glass of wine to relieve the military power, and relieve the military power of North Korean generals and local envoys; Strengthen the imperial army, strong and weak. (2) Administratively, civil servants are appointed as local governors; The Chief Justice is responsible for supervision. (3) Economically, a small part of local taxes is used as local expenditure, and the rest is all controlled by the central government.
Impact: ① The central government has strengthened its control over local governments and eliminated the separatist phenomenon in buffer areas. (2) Redundancy of officials, soldiers and expenses has been caused, and the curse of "poor and weak" has been laid.
Second, the Tang Dynasty implemented the system of three provinces and six departments.
The Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty set up Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province, which were responsible for decision-making, deliberation and implementation. The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers, which decentralized the power of ministers. Shangshu province consists of six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, and has established and improved the management system of three provinces and six departments.
Third, the Yuan Dynasty implemented the provincial system.
Background: Territorial expansion is unprecedented.
Overview: The central government has set up a major book province in China; There are ten provinces and Xuanzhengyuan area.
Significance: strengthening jurisdiction over the whole country; Strengthen centralization and consolidate unity. It is the beginning of China's provincial system, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Four. Changes in the system of selecting and using officials
Dynasty system
Supervision system in Han dynasty
Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Imperial Examination System in Sui, Tang, Song and Qing Dynasties
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Strengthening the absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties
Ming Taizu adjusted the central and local official system and strengthened centralization: ① Abolish the prime minister and set up six departments; There are three departments in the waste province. (2) the establishment of the cabinet. Essence: It is the product of the strengthening of absolute monarchy.
In Qing Dynasty, Yong Zhengdi established the military headquarters (handed down from ancient times)-the absolute monarchy reached its peak.
〈〈〈
Necessary knowledge of college entrance examination history
I. The Political System of Greece
The reasons for the emergence of democratic politics in ancient Greece are: ① the unique geographical environment and the national conditions of small countries and few people; (2) the development of overseas trade and industry and commerce.
The basic characteristics of the city-state are: small country with few people and independence.
The establishment of Athenian democracy: Solon's reform-laying the foundation of Athenian democracy; Cleisthenes's reform-establishing Athenian democracy; Perikles's reform--pushing democracy in athens to its peak.
The characteristics of Athenian democracy: people's sovereignty, taking turns to govern.
Evaluation of Athenian democracy;
Positive aspects: ① The implementation of democratic politics makes the society relatively just and is conducive to social stability. (2) contributed to the political, economic and cultural prosperity of Athens. ③ It provided some reference for the later establishment of democratic politics by European and American bourgeoisie.
Negative aspects: ① Women, slaves and immigrants have no political rights, and only a few people can really enjoy democracy, which is essentially the democracy of the slave-owner class. (2) Too much democracy can easily lead to anarchism.
Second, Roman law.
1, the origin and development of Roman law:
In the early Roman countries, there were only customary laws and no written laws. The symbol of the birth of written law is the promulgation of the twelve bronze tables law.
Civil law: Roman law, which is limited to Roman citizens and used to adjust the relations between Roman citizens, is called civil law.
Law of nations: In the process of Rome's external expansion, it gradually formed a law that is generally applicable to all free people within the scope of Roman rule, that is, the law of nations.
In the 6th century, The Complete Book of Civil Law marked the final completion of the Roman law system.
2. Evaluation of Roman law
Positive aspects: ① The formulation and implementation of Roman law maintained the rule of the empire and stabilized the social order. (2) Roman law is the first relatively complete code in European history, which has greatly influenced the legislation and judicial system of capitalist countries in modern Europe and America; It is a powerful weapon for the modern bourgeoisie to oppose feudalism.
Limitations: maintaining slavery.
〈〈〈
Error-prone knowledge of college entrance examination history
1.*** Production in base areas under the leadership of the Party
The reason for the mistake is that the names of base areas in various periods have not been accurately remembered.
Correctly understand the "revolutionary base areas", especially the areas controlled by 1927 to 1937 in China. Because most revolutionary base areas in this period established Soviet regime, it was also called "Soviet area" (short for Soviet area).
"Anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines" mainly refer to the areas from 1937 to 1945, that is, the areas under the leadership and control of the * * * production party in China during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. "Behind the enemy" mainly means that most of these base areas are located behind the enemy (Japanese army); Anti-Japanese pointed out the purpose and main combat tasks of the base areas in this period. "Liberated area" refers to the area controlled by the Communist Party of China (CPC) during the People's Liberation War, which is different from the area ruled by the Kuomintang ("KMT-controlled area").
2. The structure and power of the German Parliament, the French Parliament, the American Parliament and the British Parliament.
The reason for the mistake is the inaccurate grasp of the structure and power of the four parliaments.
Correct understanding (1) The German parliament consists of the federal parliament and the imperial parliament. The power of the federal parliament is greater than that of the imperial parliament, and the bills passed by the imperial parliament must be approved by the emperor and the federal parliament.
(2) The French Parliament consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, and the power of the Senate is greater than that of the House of Representatives; A joint session of the two houses of Congress elects the president. The dissolution of the House of Representatives by the President must be approved by the Senate, and the appointment of the Cabinet by the President must be approved by the House of Representatives.
(3) The United States Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, and the legislative power is formulated by their colleagues.
The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The main power of parliament belongs to the lower house. The upper house is the highest judicial organ, and it only has the right to postpone the legislation and budget passed by the lower house.
3. Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
The relationship between the two is not accurately grasped by the cause of the failure.
Correct understanding
(1) "Truman Doctrine" is a declaration that the United States strives for world hegemony, which indicates that American foreign policy has broken through the isolated situation focusing on local security and turned from local expansion to global expansion. The "Marshall Plan" is relatively hidden, centered on the economy, and shoulders the dual tasks of countering the Soviet Union and controlling Western Europe. The United States tried to stabilize the capitalist camp by helping western Europe revitalize the economy and stabilize the political situation, and unite western European countries against the Soviet Union. The intention of the United States to control Western Europe through the Marshall Plan is very obvious.
(2) The essence of the two is the same, both of which are aimed at curbing the development of socialist forces such as the Soviet Union, stabilizing the capitalist world and establishing the hegemonic position of the United States. Marshall Plan is a more subtle Truman Doctrine and a large-scale application of Truman Doctrine. Of course, the Marshall Plan objectively also had a positive impact on the development of the world economy.
4. The disintegration of the Soviet Union
The wrong reason is that the disintegration of the Soviet Union represents the failure of the socialist cause.
A correct understanding of the disintegration of the Soviet Union is the inevitable result of various contradictions and factors. Historically, it is the result of the drawbacks and policy mistakes of the highly centralized political and economic system of the Soviet Union that have not been corrected for a long time. In reality, the wrong line and policy pursued by Gorbachev after he took office accelerated the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The disintegration of the Soviet Union is only the failure of the Soviet model, but it does not mean the failure of the socialist cause. Socialism and socialist model are two different concepts, and China's socialist model is maintaining a strong vitality.
5. The disintegration of the Soviet Union, drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the trend of multipolarization in the world.
The reason is that the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe are the fundamental reasons for the emergence of the trend of multipolarization in the world.
A correct understanding of economic recession and the disintegration of the Soviet Union directly led to the end of the bipolar pattern; The formation of the tripartite confrontation between the United States, Japan and Western Europe in the capitalist world is a sign that the world is moving towards multipolarization. The strengthening of the power of the third world has had a far-reaching impact on multipolarization. The fundamental reason for the multipolarization trend is the multipolarization of the economic structure. The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe only marked the end of the bipolar pattern.
〈〈〈
Sui and Tang Dynasties —— The Rise and Fall of Feudal Society
1, the historical reason for the unification of the Sui Dynasty. Similarity between Qin and Sui.
2. Sui inherited the historical position of the past and future.
3. Fully and meticulously remember the segmentation, starting and ending points and communication rivers of the Grand Canal. Understand the reasons and effects of the Grand Canal excavation. Correctly treat the evaluation of the Grand Canal by different figures in history.
4. From all aspects (from the actions of the rulers, from the system, from science and technology, from water conservancy, from ethnic exchanges, from Chinese and foreign exchanges, etc.), analyze the reasons and enlightenment of the prosperity of the early Tang Dynasty. ).
5. Activities and evaluation of Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong.
6. Deeply understand the reason, purpose, function, relationship and subsequent destruction of the six-part system, imperial examination system, land equalization system and concession system in three provinces.
7, the performance of its heyday (economy, politics, nationality, foreign countries, culture. The rule of Zhenguan and the prosperity of Kaiyuan.
8. Chang 'an and Yangzhou.
9. The historical fact of the relationship between the central government and the border nationalities in the Tang Dynasty is * * *. Similarities and differences in relations with the Han nationality. Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng entered Tibet.
10, the differences in foreign exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and the Han Dynasty and their causes. Specific historical facts of foreign exchange.
1 1, deeply understand the implementation and influence of the two tax laws.
12, analyze the historical reasons and enlightenment of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline in many aspects.
13, Tang Wenhua: Tang poetry, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan. Mogao Grottoes, Painting, Calligraphy, Feudal Education, Medicine, Sun Simiao, Tang Herbal Medicine.
〈〈〈
Essential knowledge points of college entrance examination history
Ancient economic history of China
I. Agriculture
(1) production tools-Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: Tieli Niu Geng: abandoned minefield, open buildings (Shang Yang's reform established private ownership of land in legal form).
In the Han Dynasty, rickshaws (a special sowing tool) were equipped with plows. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the rollover of Ma Jun was also called keel waterwheels.
Tang Dynasty: (Jiangdong) Qu Yuan Plow: A symbol of maturity of farm tools.
(2) Water conservancy project-during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: Dujiangyan (built by Li Bing and his son in Sichuan during the Qin Dynasty) Western Han Dynasty: Baiqu, Caoqu and Longshou Canal (Guanzhong area)
Sui Dynasty: The Grand Canal (centered on Luoyang) runs from Zhuo Jun (Beijing) to Suzhou and Hangzhou.
Role: 1, promoting economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south, 2, promoting cross-strait agricultural and urban development, 3, strengthening centralization.
(3) Farming method: Ridge farming in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period; Western Han Dynasty: Dai Tianfa.
(4) Land system: Shang and Zhou Dynasties: well field system (state-owned land)
After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: Small-scale peasant economy and private ownership of land are the basic models of Chinese traditional agriculture. The characteristics of small-scale peasant economy are: 1, taking the family as the unit, and the scale is relatively small; 2. Men plow and women weave; 3. Self-sufficiency.
Second, business.
The course of business development: Shang and Zhou Dynasties: businessmen appeared, business served the government: industrial and commercial food officials. Characteristics of official handicraft industry: 1, centralized large workshop production; 2, regardless of the cost of production, most products are exquisite; 3. The products are used by the imperial court and the government.
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: the rise of folk commerce, the capitals of all countries are bustling commercial center cities.
Qin and Han Dynasties: Shang Yang's reform emphasized agriculture and suppressed commerce, while Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty monopolized salt, iron and wine to suppress the influence of big businessmen. Sui and Tang dynasties: the rise of grass market (cabinets, flying money, shops), urban prosperity: Yang (Yangzhou), Yi (Chengdu), Song and Yuan dynasties: commercial tax became an important source of national finance; The earliest paper money: Jiaozi; The boundary between the square and the city was broken, and the night market was popular; Developed overseas trade; The Yuan Dynasty is an international metropolis.
Ming and Qing Dynasties: Silver became the main currency, and commercial gangs appeared: Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants.
After the middle of Ming Dynasty, the government-run handicraft industry surpassed the private handicraft industry, and capitalism sprouted. The basic characteristics are employment: the contribution of technicians, the contribution of technicians and the daily value.
The influence of the closed door in Ming and Qing dynasties: it hindered the development of overseas markets, inhibited the primitive accumulation of capital and hindered the development of capitalism. China is gradually falling behind the world.
Guangzhou is the only place where foreign trade can be carried out. Thirteen banks in Guangzhou operate foreign trade in a unified way.
〈〈〈
Basic knowledge of college entrance examination history _ Summary of basic knowledge of college entrance examination history related articles:
★ Summary of Basic Knowledge Points of Shanghai College Entrance Examination History
★ Arrangement of basic knowledge points of college entrance examination history
★ Summary of basic knowledge points of college entrance examination history
★ Basic knowledge points of college entrance examination history
★ Summary of knowledge points that must be memorized in senior three history.
★ People's Education Edition High School History College Entrance Examination Knowledge Points Induction
★ Encyclopedia of inductive knowledge of college entrance examination history
★ Basic knowledge of college entrance examination history
★ Analysis of basic historical knowledge points in senior three.
★ Summary of necessary knowledge points of college entrance examination history
var _ HMT = _ HMT | |[]； (function(){ var hm = document . createelement(" script ")； hm.src = "/hm.js？ CB 1587 ad 6 F9 e 6358 c6ab 363586 b 8 af 79 "； var s = document . getelementsbytagname(" script ")[0]； s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm，s)； })();