FTA, the abbreviation of FreeTradeAgreement, is an agreement between independent tariff subjects on trade liberalization and related issues in a voluntary way. In WTO documents, FTA, PTA and CUA are included in the scope of RTA.
FTA
FTA (Free Trade Agreement) is not only to avoid the difficulties of WTO multilateral agreements, but also to open up other ways to promote trade liberalization. Countries gradually explore FTA from practice. FTA is the abbreviation of Free Trade Agreement, which is an agreement between independent tariff subjects on trade liberalization and related issues in a voluntary way. In WTO documents, FTA, PTA and CUA are all included in RTA (Regional Trade Agreement). In reality, FTA and RTA are often confused in concept, because many FTAs may not be able to achieve complete free trade in the content of the agreement. Sometimes FTA and RTA also refer to free trade areas or quasi-free trade areas based on certain trade agreements. Since the number of FTA negotiators is far less than that of WTO members, the negotiations are more voluntary, so it is easier to reach an agreement. Before 1990, there were only 27 FTAs in the world that entered the implementation stage. Since 1990s, the number of free trade agreements signed by countries all over the world has been increasing. By the end of April 2005, there were 365,438+04 FTAs/RTAs registered with the WTO, of which 65,438+078 were being implemented.
Complete type approval
The full name of FTA test is full type certification. All mobile phone manufacturers must obtain the International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI) to make their mobile phones enter the market. Mobile phones without IMEI will not be able to be used in GSM network. IMEI is issued by a neutral license issuing agency (NOTIFY BODY) authorized by GSM MOU (namely GSM alliance, including GSM operators and GSM handset manufacturers) according to the test report of FTA certification laboratory. To obtain IMEI number, you must pass the certification test of FTA certification laboratory. At present, only Europe and America have FTA certification laboratories. After April this year, the scope of FTA certification laboratory will be expanded and China will be established. The purpose of FTA test is to check whether the mobile phone meets the requirements of GSM standard. Its content is divided into software testing, hardware testing and electromagnetic compatibility testing, with more than 300 test items. The main contents of the test are: 1. Hardware 1. 1 reception 1. 1 reference sensitivity 1. 1.2 dynamic range1.3 adjacent channel suppression 65438. 438+0.6 intermodulation suppression 1. 1.7 AGC (automatic power control) level report 1.2 emission 1.2. 1 emission power and curve 1.2.2 phase error/kloc-. ) test 2. 1. 1 initialization process 2. 1.2 paging process 2. 1.3 handover process 2. 1.4 call reestablishment 2.2 MM (mobility management) test 2.2. 1 authentication 2. Kloc-0/ Call Control 2.3.2 Call Service Management 2 Electromagnetic Compatibility Test The mobile phone that has passed the FTA test is considered to meet the requirements of GSM protocol and has the ability of practical application. At the same time, for manufacturers, it also proves that their R&D capability has reached a certain level. Therefore, FTA testing is of great significance to mobile phone manufacturers. FTA (Fault Tree Analysis) Fault Tree Analysis traces the root of the fault mode through the tree structure and obtains the way of the fault reason. As the preliminary work and input of FMEA failure mode and its consequence analysis.
A special filter paper
abstract
FTA (filter paper) is a special kind of filter paper. It is made by soaking the patented strong denaturant and chelating agent, and the fiber matrix contains special chemicals. When cells are captured, they will automatically crack and combine with nucleic acid, so as to keep the integrity of DNA in the sample, protect nucleic acid from degradation, nuclease, oxidant and ultraviolet rays, and prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. Macromolecular DNA curl is closely combined with FTA matrix, without DNA breakage, and the DNA binding rate is greater than 90%. The DNA adsorbed on FTA card can be stored for a long time after drying. The combined DNA can be purified by cleaning the pollutants that affect DNA analysis with FTA purification reagent, such as heme and PCR inhibitor. In the process of purification, DNA still remains on the filter paper, and the purified DNA can be used for PCR detection. Mild elution with FTA purification reagent can reduce the mechanical damage caused by conventional DNA extraction methods and maintain the morphology of DNA macromolecules. It can be used for molecular biology research and analysis, and can also purify nucleic acid, and carry out PCR, SNP, RT-PCR, RFLP analysis, gene cloning and nucleotide sequencing. This special reagent is proved to contain no human DNA by high sensitivity PCR analysis.
use
FTA filter membrane can collect, transport and archive various biological samples at room temperature, and was first used to preserve blood samples. In foreign countries, FTA cards have been widely used in hospitals and military. FTA cards are used in hospitals to store blood samples of newborns so that they can be identified when children are missing or have other accidents. This project is called CHIP, which is the child identification program. At the same time, the US military system is also using FTA cards to back up soldiers' DNA, so as to quickly identify themselves after an accident in the war.
superiority
FTA card has the following advantages: it is easy to use: it only needs simple sampling and drying, and it only needs 1 hour to purify DNA. Good stability: blood samples can be stored at room temperature for more than 10 years (the stability experiment is still in progress). Functional test: the PCR results of the samples saved by FTA card are completely consistent with those directly extracted. Safe and reliable: dissolve cells and prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. Multi-purpose: suitable for preserving blood, oral swab, epithelial cells, bacteria, viruses and cultured cells. Efficient utilization: DNA combined with FTA card matrix can be amplified many times.
Fault tree analysis
1. Generation and characteristics of fault tree analysis method
From the system point of view, the fault is not only caused by the defects and performance degradation of specific components (hardware) in the equipment, but also may be caused by software, such as program errors in automatic control devices. In addition, there are damage failures caused by improper or careless operation of operators. In the early 1960s, with the development of manned space flight, the launch of intercontinental missiles, the application of atomic energy and nuclear power plants, and the development of military science and technology, it was necessary to evaluate the reliability and safety of some extremely complex systems effectively. Fault tree analysis is produced in this case. FTA (Fault Tree Analysis) was first proposed by Mr. Walter of Bell Telephone Research Laboratory in the United States, and it is based on the reliability and safety of 196 1 year. Since then, it has been widely used in the design and maintenance of aerospace, atomic reactors, large equipment and large computer systems. At present, although the fault tree analysis method is still in the stage of continuous improvement, its application scope is expanding and it is a promising fault analysis method. Generally speaking, fault tree analysis has the following characteristics. It is a "shape reduction" analysis method from system to parts and then to parts. Starting from the system, it gradually expands into a tree through the branch diagram drawn by logical symbols to analyze the probability of fault events (also known as top events). At the same time, it can also be used to analyze the influence of component or subsystem failure on system failure, including human factors and environmental conditions. It can not only make qualitative analysis of system faults, but also make quantitative analysis. Not only the system faults caused by a single component can be analyzed, but also the system faults caused by different modes of multiple components can be analyzed. Because the fault tree analysis method adopts logical diagram, it is convenient for designers, users and maintenance personnel to master and use it, and other special "trees" can be derived from it. For example, a maintenance tree can be drawn to study maintenance problems, which can be used to study the decision tree of economic benefits and scheme comparison. Because the fault tree is a logic diagram composed of logic gates, it is suitable for computer calculation. Moreover, the composition and analysis of fault tree of complex system can only be realized under the condition of applying computer. Obviously, the fault tree analysis method also has some shortcomings. Among them, the redundancy of fault tree construction is considerable, the difficulty is also great, and the requirements for analysts are also high, thus limiting its popularization and promotion. When constructing fault tree, it is necessary to use logical operation, which is prone to errors and omissions when ordinary analysts do not fully grasp it. For example, it is likely to miss events that have a significant impact on system failures; At the same time, because each analyst's research scope is different, the credibility of his conclusions is also different.
2. Composition of fault tree and selection of top event
A given system may have various fault states. Therefore, when applying the fault tree analysis method, a specific fault state should be selected as the top event of the fault tree according to the task requirements, which is the object and purpose of analysis. Therefore, whether it happens or not must be clearly defined; It should be measurable by probability; But also can be decomposed downward from it, and finally find out the possible reasons for this fault state. Constructing fault tree is the most critical step in fault tree analysis. Usually, designers, reliability workers, users and maintenance personnel should work together to find out the logical relationship between system faults and factors that cause system faults through careful synthesis and analysis, and express this relationship with specific graphic symbols, namely event symbols and logical symbols, and become a tree with the top event as the "root"-fault tree.
3. The basic program of fault tree analysis
(1) Familiar with the system. To know the system state and various parameters in detail, draw a process flow chart or layout diagram. (2) Investigate accidents. Collect accident cases, make accident statistics and imagine possible accidents in a given system. (3) Determine the top event. The object events to be analyzed are top-level events. Make a comprehensive analysis of the accidents investigated, and find out the accidents with serious consequences and easy occurrence as the top events. (4) Determine the target value. According to experience and accident cases, after statistical analysis, the probability (frequency) of accidents is calculated as the accident target value to be controlled. (5) Investigate the causes and events. Investigate all causes, events and various factors related to the accident. 6 (6) Draw the fault tree. Find out the direct cause events of the first level from the top-level events, and draw a fault tree according to their logical relationship with the depth to be analyzed. (7) Qualitative analysis. Simplify according to the fault tree structure and determine the structural importance of each basic event. (8) Probability of accidents. Determine the occurrence probability of all events, mark them on the fault tree, and then calculate the occurrence probability of the top event. (9) comparison. Comparison is divided into repairable system and unrepairable system, the former needs comparison, and the latter needs to calculate the probability of the top event. (10) analysis. Fault tree analysis can not only analyze the direct causes of accidents, but also deeply prompt the potential causes of accidents, so it can be used to evaluate the safety of projects or equipment in the design stage, when inquiring about accidents or writing new operation methods.