Non-ferrous metals walk out of the ridge
Known as the "backbone of South America", the Andes is the longest mountain range in the world, extending from Panama to Chile, where not only the Inca civilization was born, but also rich in non-ferrous metal mineral resources. Chile, Peru and Brazil are all famous mineral resources countries in the world. Chile's copper reserves account for nearly 1/3 of the world's reserves, and it is the country with the richest copper reserves in the world. Brazil, where samba and football are popular, is rich in tin and nickel. The proven reserves of tin ore are 7 1.2 million tons, accounting for 1.3% of the world's total reserves. Nickel ore reserves are 965,438+ten thousand tons, accounting for 10% of the world's reserves.
In this large family of non-ferrous metals, besides the well-known metals such as copper, aluminum, tin, zinc, lead and nickel, they also include tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, lithium, lanthanum and uranium. These metals were originally hidden in the mountains in the form of minerals, which were formed by the upwelling and deposition of underground magma during many plate movements of the earth. We often use "reserves" to measure the mineral content of an area. The distribution of reserves in different regions is different, which is related to the degree and frequency of crustal movement and influence. On the whole, South America and Oceania are rich in resources, Asia is rich in small metal resources, and the advantages of America are not obvious. Europe is a poor mining area, and Russia, located in the eastern part of Europe, is rich in resources, which is a rare rich country in Europe, especially antimony and rare earth resources. China is rich in nonferrous metal mineral resources, but the distribution is uneven, with more in the south and less in the north. Different members of nonferrous metals gather in different areas: rare earth in Baiyun Obo, Inner Mongolia, nickel in Jinchang, Gansu, gold in Zhaoyuan, Shandong, copper and tungsten in Dexing, Jiangxi, antimony in tin mine in Hunan, lead-zinc mine in Shuikoushan, tin in Gejiu, Yunnan and aluminum in Pingguo, Guangxi.
There are many members of the colored family, except for a few artificial transuranic elements, most of them were born in the mountains, which is a gift from nature to mankind.
Background story
One south and one north, "Tin Capital" VS "Nickel Capital"
There are "Tin Capital" in the south, "Nickel Capital" in the north, Jinchang in the south and Jinchang in the north, which have become two stars embedded in the color distribution map of China.
Gejiu, Yunnan —— Xi Du, China.
South of the colorful clouds, by the Lijiang River, is one of the important birthplaces of human civilization. Yuanmou Man, 6.5438+0.7 million years ago, was the earliest human being discovered in China and Asia, and was born here. Yunnan is rich in mineral reserves, with 142 kinds of minerals found and 92 kinds of proven reserves, and 54 kinds of mineral reserves rank among the top 10 in China, so it is known as the "Kingdom of Nonferrous Metals". Gejiu, famous at home and abroad, is a star in the "Kingdom of Nonferrous Metals".
Gejiu, located in the southwest border, is famous at home and abroad for its long history of tin mine development and rich reserves, and enjoys the reputation of "Tin Capital". According to records, silver, tin and lead were mined in Gejiu area of Han Dynasty more than 2000 years ago. After the Qing Dynasty, the scale of tin mining became larger and larger, and the output ranked first in the country. After the founding of New China, Gejiu has produced 6.5438+0.92 million tons of nonferrous metals, including 920,000 tons of tin, accounting for more than 70% of the national tin production. It is the largest modern tin production and processing base in China and occupies a pivotal position in the "Kingdom of Nonferrous Metals". Therefore, Gejiu's "Xi Du" has long been included in famous dictionaries and teaching materials such as The British English Dictionary, and enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad.
Jinchang, Gansu-Nickel Capital of China.
As a bridge for economic, political and cultural exchanges between the East and the West in ancient times, the Silk Road has a far-reaching impact on promoting the progress of human civilization. In the east of Hexi Corridor, there is an old and young industrial city, namely "Nickel Capital" Jinchang. Jinchang is famous for its rich nickel mines. Its nickel reserves are rich and huge, ranking second in the world and first in the country, second only to sudbury mine, so it is known as "Nickel Capital of China". Jinchuan nickel mine is the first large-scale polymetallic copper-nickel sulfide deposit in China, which was discovered by explorers at the foot of Longshou Mountain on the edge of Tengger Desert in the east of Hexi Corridor in 1958. With the development of economy, a new mining city rises rapidly on the vast Gobi in the northwest plateau. 198 1 year, Jinchang became a provincial city in Gansu province. Jinchuan Group has gradually become the largest producer of nickel in electrolytic nickel in China, ranking fourth in the world in annual output, with an annual output of 6.5438+0.5 million tons of nickel.
02
Four sheep Fang Zun born from bath fire
A rare treasure was exhibited in National Treasure, which was called "the ultimate bronze model" by historians. Siyangfangzun was unearthed in Hunan on 1938 and has been buried underground for more than 3000 years. It is a bronze ritual vessel in the late Shang Dynasty, and it is also the largest existing bronze square statue of Shang Dynasty in China. It is considered as the peak of traditional clay model casting. Different from ancient bronzes, how did modern nonferrous metals appear in front of us? What is the secret of the birth of true "gold" that is not afraid of fire, from ore to metal?
You can get "colored stones" of different sizes from the mountains, and these stones have to undergo various tempering to become usable metal forms. Take copper for example. Firstly, copper ore is mined, and the ore content is increased from a few percent or a few thousandths to 20%-30% as copper concentrate. This process is to make the big stone smaller by grinding and other methods, and to separate the useful components from the big stone by physical or chemical methods. Then dissolve the ore with fire. In modern technology, copper concentrate is smelted in a closed furnace. The produced melt enters the new converter and becomes coarse copper with high copper content (copper content is 98.5%), and then enters the reverberatory furnace for "tempering" to cast pieces of plates with copper content of 99.5%, which is called anode plate. The cast anode plate is put into an electrolytic cell for a well-known redox reaction, and charged copper ions gather to the cathode to form a copper plate. Different from the anode plate cast before, the red plate with 99.95% content is called cathode copper. Cathode copper is the main raw material for processing enterprises. Finally, the processing factory processes cathode copper into semi-finished products such as wires, tubes, plates and belts, and downstream processing enterprises further process the semi-finished products into necessities in various fields of society, such as copper sheets in refrigerators.
The development of copper metallurgy technology has gone through a long process, and pyrometallurgy is still the main method, and its output accounts for about 85% of the world's copper output. In addition to the birth of metal copper by combustion, the process of turning ore into copper plate with "water" is gradually developing, which is called wet smelting. The earliest copper hydrometallurgy smelter originated in China, which was called "copper leaching with bile" in ancient times. Hydrometallurgical process is mainly to leach copper ore or concentrate with solvent, and then extract copper from leaching solution. The equipment is simple, but the impurity content is high, and the hydrometallurgy output accounts for less than 15% of the total output.
Background story
The story of Jiangtong
Jiangxi copper industry was born in 1979, which is located in Jiangxi province with rich copper reserves. Following the pace of reform and opening up, Jiangxi copper industry has gradually become the "copper boss" in the industry after 40 years of development. Through industrial integration, Jiangtong has gradually grown into a copper production and processing base integrating mining, smelting, processing and trade. In the process of development, Jiangtong has expanded its resource reserves by purchasing mineral rights from home and abroad, not only realizing "going out", but also expanding its international influence. One of the important measures to help Jiangtong realize the combination of industry and finance and realize the leap-forward development is the combination of period and present. 1996, Jiangtong "Guiye" brand high-purity cathode copper was successfully registered in London Metal Exchange (LME), becoming the first electrolytic copper registered in LME in China. Its "Gui Ye Brand" and "Jiang Bronze Plate" cathode copper are registered products of LME, and were selected as copper testing factories by LME. Jiangtong became the only company in China with cathode copper, gold and silver products registered in LME and London Gold and Silver Market Association. Through the linkage between futures market and spot market, Jiangtong has effectively avoided many price risks in production and operation, and escorted the stable development of enterprises.
03
Non-ferrous metal futures cross the ocean
Navigation has brought about great economic development, and it is not only goods but also financial "foreign goods" that cross the ocean. Metal mines and metal varieties from all over the world are piled up on the wharf of Shanghai Lingang Free Trade Zone. Like physical objects, non-ferrous metal futures have a long history of crossing the ocean.
The earliest nonferrous metal futures came from London Metal Exchange. /kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, Britain became the largest producer of tin and copper in the world. At that time, Britain was known as "not falling into the empire", and the industrial revolution promoted the rapid development of society. With the continuous growth of industrial demand, Britain needs to import a large number of copper ore and tin ore for domestic refining, but at that time, due to transportation and other problems, the prices of copper ore and tin ore often fluctuated greatly and the risks were great. In order to solve this problem, the merchants adopt the way of pricing in advance, and sign the contract for future arrival before the goods arrive, so as to ensure that a large number of goods can be sold after arrival, and the price will not skyrocket when the quantity is limited. London Metal Exchange (LME) was formally established on 1876, mainly engaged in copper and tin futures trading. With the continuous expansion of the exchange and the further increase of trading varieties, the metal futures of the London Metal Exchange have developed from the original two varieties of copper and tin to seven futures varieties of copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, tin and aluminum alloy, forming an international metal trading market represented by these seven metals.
On the other side of the ocean, American metal futures appeared later than Britain. 19 At the end of the 20th century, the American economy turned from agriculture to the establishment of a modern industrial system, and the types of futures contracts gradually expanded from traditional agricultural products to metal and energy commodities. The New York Mercantile Exchange was founded in 1933, which was COMEX by the merger of leather, raw silk, rubber and metal exchanges. Trading varieties are gold, silver, copper and aluminum.
China nonferrous metal futures first appeared in 1990, and were listed on Shanghai Metal Commodity Exchange. At the same time, special aluminum futures contracts were also launched in Shenzhen Nonferrous Metals Futures Exchange. However, at that time, China's futures industry had just started, many systems were not perfect, and there were some events such as "forced liquidation" in the trading process. In order to standardize the futures industry, the earliest 14 futures exchange is gradually standardized into three commodity futures exchanges. The fate of non-ferrous metal futures is also full of twists and turns. From the Shanghai Metal Commodity Exchange to the standardized Shanghai Futures Exchange, there are copper, aluminum, zinc, lead, nickel and tin currently listed on the exchange.