China Railway Development Since the Songhu Railway was built in 1876, China has built 50 18 1 km railway in 198 1 year. Before the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC), China only built more than 300 kilometers of railways every year on average. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the state made an overall plan for railway construction, and the speed of railway construction reached an average of more than 800 kilometers per year. By the end of 198 1, the operating mileage of Chinese mainland railway is 50 18 1 km, including 8263 km for double track and 667 km for electrification1km. The total extension of the railway is 89,580 kilometers. From 1876 to 198 1, the development of China railway experienced two periods: Qing Dynasty, Republic of China and New China.
During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China (1876), the Songhu Railway built by British businessmen in Shanghai was regarded as the first railway in China. Before that, British businessmen had built a 500-meter-long small railway outside Xuanwu Gate in Beijing, which only people could enjoy.
188 1 year, Tangshan Kaiping Mining Bureau of Hebei Province built Tangshan-Xugezhuang Railway to transport coal. This railway is 9.7 kilometers long and then extends to Tianjin. It is called Jintang Railway. Tangshan to Shanhaiguan 1890, known as the Shanhaiguan internal and external railway.
1887 Taiwan Province provincial governor Liu Mingchuan presided over the construction of the Taipei-keelung railway, with a total length of 28.6 kilometers, which was completed in 189 1 year. 1893 From Taipei to Hsinchu, the length is 78. 1 km. This is the earliest railway in Taiwan Province Province with a gauge of 1067mm.
After the completion of trans-siberian railway, the Middle East Railway from Manzhouli to Suifenhe and the South Manchuria Railway from Harbin to Dalian were forcibly built in China in 1898. These two railways were built according to Russian railway standards, with a wide gauge of 1524 mm, which is the earliest railway in northeast China. Japan also built narrow gauge railways from Anton to Shenyang and from Shenyang to Xinmin in 1905. Later, the Yalu River Bridge from Anton, Korea to Sinuiju was built at191. After the German occupation of JIAOZHOU Bay, Ji Jiao Railway from Jinan to Qingdao was built on 1904. 1895, France requested to build the Yunnan-Vietnam railway from Kunming, Yunnan to Hekou, a border city. This railway is a 1000 mm narrow gauge railway, which was opened to traffic on 19 10.
From 65438 to 0889, the Qing government established China Railway Corporation, borrowed money from Belgian banking company, and built the Lu Han Railway from Beijing Lugouqiao to Hankou. The railway was originally funded by the government to build Lugou Bridge to Baoding and Hankou to Shekou. After opening to traffic, it will be built from Lugou Bridge to Beijing Qianmen 190 1. 1906 The whole line from Beijing to Hankou was opened to traffic. 1898, the Qing government borrowed money from Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation to build a railway outside the customs, which is now shenshan railway. In the same year, the Qing government borrowed money from the American Hexing Company to build the Guangdong-Han Railway from Wuchang to Guangzhou and the Guangzhou-Sanshui branch line. After Hexing Company breached the contract, the Qing government took back the right to build roads in 1905 and handed it over to Hubei, Hunan and Guangdong provinces for construction. Guangsan branch line 1904 completed, Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan section 19 1 8 completed, and Guangzhou-Shaoguan section 19 16 completed.
Britain obtained the right to build the railway from Daokou to Jiaozuo mining area in Tsinghua, which was undertaken by British Fu Company and completed on 1907. It also obtained the right to build the Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway, and then the Guangzhou-Shenzhen section was built by a Sino-British joint venture and completed on 19 1 1.
The Qing government borrowed money from the British bank company to build the Suzhou-Hangzhou-Ningbo Railway, and the British company built the Nanjing-Shanghai Railway. 1908 was completed. And transform the Songhu Railway into a branch line. Shanghai passes through Hangzhou to Ningbo by railway. Due to the opposition of officials and gentry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces to the construction of the British-managed railway, their respective companies built sections from Shanghai to Fengjing and Fengjing to Hangzhou, which were completed on 1908. The railway from Hangzhou to Ningbo was built from Ningbo to Cao 'e River, but it stopped because the bridge was not built.
After Britain obtained the right to build roads from Tianjin to Zhenjiang, it ceded the section from Tianjin to Han Zhuang to Germany for construction. The section from Han Zhuang to Zhenjiang was built by Britain. 1908 When the loan contract was signed, the Shanghai-Nanjing Railway was about to be completed, so the railway terminal was changed from Zhenjiang to Pukou on the other side of Nanjing, and this road was renamed as Jinpu Railway, which was completed on 19 12.
1898, the Qing government borrowed money from the Sino-Russian Daosheng Bank, and built the 1000 mm narrow-gauge railway from Liulinbo to Taiyuan, which was called Zheng Tai Railway, now Shitai Railway, and was completed in 1907.
The Belgian consortium that built the Luhan Railway (later changed to the Russian-French consortium) built the railway from Kaifeng to Luoyang via Zhengzhou, which is a branch line of the Luhan Railway. The Border Railway Treaty was signed in 1903 and completed in 1909. It is now a section of the Longhai Railway.
1903, the Qing government promulgated the Simple Railway Regulations. China Railway Corporation was abolished and commercial companies were allowed to build railways. 1907 to 192 1 year, Jiujiang-Nanchang, Qiqihar-hongqiying, Doushan-Beijie, Chaozhou-Shantou, Gejiu-Bishe Village and Zhangzhou-Xiamen railways were built, all of which were short secondary trunk lines.
The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway from Beijing is the first section of the northwest railway trunk line. The Qing government decided to build its own building with official funds. Under the auspices of Zhan Tianyou, this railway was built in four years at 1909, with a total length of 20 1 km. It is the first railway built by our own technical force. From 19 12 to 1923, it was built to Guisui (now Hohhot), which is called Beijing-Suiyuan Railway.
After the Revolution of 1911, the technical strength of railway construction has developed in the 38 years from191to 1949.
19 13, Japan obtained the privilege of building five railways in Manchuria and Mongolia from the government of the Republic of China, namely, the loan right of Sitao, Kaihai and Tao Chang railways and the loan priority of Taocheng and Jihai railways. 19 18 After World War I, the Japanese army began to invade the whole northeast of China and seized the northeast railway. Among them: Jichang, Sitao, Taoang, Jidun and other lines with borrowing rights; The routes entrusted with the right to operate are: Shenhai, Shanghai, Jihai, Qike, Taosuo and Shenshan; The Duntu, Laha and Qinhai lines are commissioned for construction and operation. 1935, the Soviet Union gave the price of the Middle East Railway to the Puppet Manchukuo. Since then, Japan has changed Harbin-Changchun section and Manzhouli-Suifenhe section into standard gauge railways at 1935, 1936 and 1937 respectively. The railway between Mengjiatun (near Changchun) and Lushun used to be 1524 mm gauge. After the Russo-Japanese War, Russia transferred the Nanman branch line south of Kuanchengzi (Changchun) to Japan, and Japan changed the railway between Mengjiatun and Lushun from 1904 to 1906 narrow gauge1.
192 1 ~ 1930, local governments in northeast China used local funds to build Shenhai, Shanghai, Jihai, Qike, Taosuo Line and Datong Branch Line. The above is the situation of northeast railway construction1911~1937 before the Japanese militarists launched a full-scale war of aggression against China.
19 12 The government of China signed a loan contract with Belgium for the Longqin-Longhai Railway, extending the completed Bianluo Railway to Haizhou to the east and Lanzhou to the west, becoming a railway trunk line that runs across the east and west, and was called Longhai Railway in history. The Kaifeng-Xuzhou section and Luoyang-Kannonji section of this railway were completed on 19 15. During World War I, the project stopped. Starting from 192 1, the Netherlands and Belgium are engaged in the exhibition and construction projects of the east and west plates respectively. The eastern railway and Lianyungang port project were undertaken by Dutch company and arrived in Haizhou on 1925. The west section 1934 connects Xi 'an, and 1936 connects Baoji.
1932, the local government of Shanxi province began to build the north-south tongpu railway from Datong to fenglingdu, with a gauge of 1000 mm, which was completed in 1935. During the Japanese militaristic occupation, the North Tongpu Railway was changed from Datong to Taiyuan to standard gauge. South Tongpu Railway Taiyuan to fenglingdu 1956 changed to standard gauge.
The project of Zhuzhou-Shaoguan section of Guangdong-Han Railway is arduous. 1929 China municipal government appointed Hongxun to preside over the construction, which was completed on 1936. Since then, the Guangdong-Han railway from Wuchang to Guangzhou has been opened to traffic and connected with the Guangzhou-Kowloon line.
1930, the local government of Zhejiang Province began to build the Hangjiang Railway from Hangzhou to Jiangshan, and it was completed in 1933, and the Jinhua-Lanxi branch line was built. Later, it spread westward to Jiangxi Province, known as zhejiang-jiangxi railway, 1936 arrived in Nanchang, and 1937 arrived in Pingxiang, which was connected with Zhuping Railway.
1932 the China municipal government decided to build the Wuhu-sunjiabu railway, and then the Wuhu-Nanjing section. 1935 Nanjing-Sunjiabu line was completed and opened to traffic. 1934, the government of China decided to build a railway from Tianjiaan to yuxikou, called Huainan Railway, which was opened to traffic in 1935.
Construction of Xiaoshan-Caoejiang section of Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo Railway 1936 continued, and Caoejiang Bridge was completed at the same time. June 1937, 1 1.933 The local government of Zhejiang Province allocated funds to build the Qiantang River Bridge to connect the banks of the Qiantang River. Located at the foot of Hangzhou, this bridge is a highway-railway bridge. 1935 started, 1937 was completed in September. At this point, the Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo railway from Shanghai to Ningbo was opened to traffic. At that time, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China has already begun. Shortly before the start of the Anti-Japanese War, the railways built by the China government, including the Sujia Railway, were opened to traffic on 1936 and demolished on 1944. The proposed Zhuzhou-Guiyang Hunan-Guizhou Railway started at 1937, stopped at 1938, and was demolished at 1939. Chengdu-chongqing railway Chongqing-Chengdu section started construction on 1936, and only part of subgrade works and individual tunnels and piers were completed, so the construction was stopped.
In the 1920s and 1930s, China had certain autonomy in railway construction, its own technical strength and some unified technical standards, and began to have the ability to manufacture rolling stock.
1937 ~ 1945 during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the railways built by the China government mainly included Gui Xiang Railway, Yunnan-Myanmar Railway, Xu Kun Railway, Xiang Qian Railway and the section from Baodi to Tianshui of Longhai Railway. The Xiang-Gui Railway originally planned to start from Hengyang and pass through Guilin, Liuzhou and Nanning to Youyiguan (then called Zhennanguan). Henggui section was opened to traffic in June 1937, and opened to Liuzhou in February 1939. Later, due to the war, the Liuzhou-Nanning section was stopped after the completion of the Liuzhou-Laibin section, and only the Youyiguan-Mingjiang section was built from Nanning to Youyiguan. The Yunnan-Myanmar Railway is a railway from Kunming to China-Myanmar border with a gauge of 1.000 mm. The section from Kunming to Anning was completed and opened to traffic at 1.940, and the west of Anning was stopped due to war. Xu-Kun Railway is Kunming-Xufu Railway with a gauge of 1 1,000mm, and Kunming-Zhanyi section of 1 94 1 will stop working after completion. Hunan-Guizhou Railway is the standard gauge railway from Liuzhou to Guiyang. The line crosses Yunnan-Guizhou mountains, and the project is arduous. It starts at 1939 and ends at 1944. Liuzhou-Duyun section is open to traffic. The Baoji-Tianshui section of Longhai Railway 1939 was started, and 1945 was completed and opened to traffic. At that time, the western section of Longhai was not occupied by the Japanese, and the railway was still in operation. In order to meet the operational needs, the Xiantong branch line 194 1 from Xianyang to Tongguan coal mine was built.
1937 to 1945, Japan invaded Northeast China and North China, and built the following new lines: North China has Beijing-Gubeikou Railway, Shide Railway, Xinxiang-Kaifeng Railway and Dongguan-Lu 'an Railway, with a total length of 608 kilometers; There are Tujia, Labin and Changbai lines in the northeast, with a total length of 4752 kilometers; Hainan Island has Yulin Port-Beili Railway and Bashu-Shilu Railway, with a total length of 254 kilometers. They are all narrow gauge railways with a gauge of 1067mm.
In Taiwan Province Province, from 1907 to 1947, the railways from Taibei to Danshui and Hsinchu to Changhua have been built successively, with a total length of 645 kilometers. Keelung-Taipei double track 109 km. Gauges are all 1067mm.
In the 70 years from 1876, when the first railway was built in China, to 1945, there were 25,523 kilometers of railways in Chinese mainland. 1949 The railway that can be opened to traffic is 2 1989 km.
People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949 during the new China period. Since then, China has made overall planning and unified standards for railway construction.
From 65438 to 0949, with the advance of the war of liberation from north to south, Bao Jing, Longhai, Han Jing, Nantongpu, Zhejiang-Jiangxi, Nanxun, Yuehan and other railways damaged by the war were reopened to traffic one after another, and transportation business was carried out. During the 32 years from 1949 to 198 1, 38 new shinkansen and 67 branch lines were built. In order to strengthen the transportation capacity of existing lines, great achievements have been made in building double-track lines, expanding the marshalling yard of hubs, improving the plane section and track structure of lines, building electrified railways, setting up automatic block, and developing steam, internal combustion, electric locomotives and vehicle manufacturing industries.
During the First Five-Year Plan period 1953 ~ 1957, shinkansen were built successively: Chengdu to Chongqing, Tianshui to Lanzhou, Laibin to Pingxiang, Fengtai to Shacheng, Jining to Erenhot, Lancun to Yantai, Litang to Zhanjiang, Baoji to Chengdu and yingtan to Xiamen. During the second five-year plan period 1958 ~ 1962, Shinkansen railways were built one after another, and Xiaoshan-Chuanshan, Baotou-Lanzhou, Nanping-Fuzhou, Beijing-Chengde, Lanzhou-Xining and Liuzhou-Guiyang railways were rebuilt. During the three-year adjustment period from 1963 to 1965, the Shinkansen has been built successively: Lanzhou to Urumqi, Guiyang to Chongqing and other railways. During the 3rd Five-Year Plan period 1966 ~ 1970 Shinkansen are Guiyang-Kunming, Tongliao-Ranghu Road, Chengdu-Kunming and other railways. Shinkansen 197 1 ~ 1975 built during the Fourth Five-Year Plan period include: Beijing to Yuanping, Jiaozuo to Zhicheng, Tongxian to Guye, Zhuzhou to Guiyang, etc. Shinkansen 1976 to 1980 built during the Fifth Five-Year Plan include: Yangpingguan to Ankang, Taiyuan to Jiaozuo and other railways. 198 1 year, railways from Beijing to Tongliao and Xiangfan to Chongqing were built. The railways from Zhicheng to Liuzhou and Wuhu to Guixi have also been completed.
The completion of the new railway trunk line has extended the railway to Yantai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Zhanjiang and other coastal cities and ports, and then to remote areas in the northwest and southwest, initially changing the railway layout of China, which was mainly in the northeast and east coastal areas, so that all provincial capitals and autonomous regional capitals in the mainland (except Lhasa, Tibet) have railways connected with the capital Beijing, and the railway transportation between the coastal areas and the mainland has also been communicated.
Among the new branch lines, Pingdingshan and Xihu lines were built during the first five-year plan period; During the second five-year plan period, Tieling, Faku, Nverhe, Fengcheng, Luoyi, Bai Bao and Xinmi lines were built. During the three-year adjustment period, lines such as Taifei, Haila, Xiangle, Boxin and Beihe were built. During the "Three Five-Year Plan" period, the Ji Shu, Loushao and Yiwu sections of the Tanglin Line, and the Yalin, Fu Jia, Jingtieshan and Jilantai lines were completed. During the Fourth Five-Year Plan period, lines such as Kaiyang, Wu Tong, Ninghe, Honghui, Dongchuan, Rujigou, Guocha, Zhang Kan, Hangchang, Yucha, Panxi and Changlin were built. During the fifth five-year plan period, railways such as Bai Wan, Bai Yan, Nenlin and Guan Yi were built. 198 1 year, fuhuai and other lines were completed.
By the end of 198 1, the double-track project of building the second line next to the original railway line mainly includes busy sections of Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Hengyang and other railways. Existing railways are transformed into electrified railways, increasing the traffic volume, such as Baoji-Chengdu, Baoji-Tianshui, Yangpingguan-Ankang, etc. 42 hubs have been built, including Beijing, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenyang and Taiyuan. These hubs include 87 marshalling stations. These hubs are still expanding according to the needs of transportation.
By the end of 198 1 year, the operating mileage of Chinese mainland railway was 50 18 1 km, and the local railway was 3,725 km. There are 4,493 tunnels on these railway lines, with a total length of 20 10 km and the longest tunnel of 7.032 km. There are 28,945 bridges with a total length of 1 344 km. Before 1949, there were only two railway bridges on the Yellow River and no railway bridges on the Yangtze River. To 198 1, across the Yellow River railway bridge 16, across the Yangtze River railway bridge 7. Among them, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is the longest, with a total length of 6772 meters. In addition, a new prestressed cable-stayed bridge on Hongshui River in Laibin and a thin-walled box-type rigid-frame steel beam bridge with inclined legs on Hanjiang River in Ankang have been built one after another.
Within 32 years, China Railway has been overhauled and replaced with new rails, totaling 465,438+0,665,438+0.4 km, and the types of rails have gradually increased. By the year 65,438+0,986,5438+0, the rail length of 50 kilograms per meter will account for about 50% of the total length of the operating railway. Lines, bridges and other facilities are rebuilt and strengthened year by year, and the technical standards of railway equipment are also improved year by year. The actual maximum driving speed reaches 1 10 km per hour.
Before 1949, most of the rolling stock used in China railway was imported. After 1949, China Railway gradually built a locomotive and rolling stock factory. Steam locomotives are made in 1952, diesel locomotives in 1958 and electric locomotives in 1960. By 198 1 year, the total number of three types of locomotives is 2.5 times that of 1949; The total number of buses is 4 times that of 1949, and the total number of trucks is 5.7 times that of 1949. The total traction weight of main trunk trains increased from 1600 tons in 949 to 3500 tons in 198 1 year.
With the development of national economy, the passenger and freight volume undertaken by China Railway has also increased year by year. By 198 1, the annual passenger traffic of China Railway was 953 million, accounting for 24.3% of the national modern passenger traffic in that year and 9.2 times that of 1949. The annual freight volume is/kloc-0.077 million tons, accounting for 49.4% of the national modern freight in that year, which is 1949 19.2 times.