During the reign of Kangxi, the secret folding system was implemented, and the south study room was set up to divide the power of the cabinet. In order to deal with the emergency military affairs in the northwest, Yong Zhengdi set up a military department in Zonglongmen of the Forbidden City, whose full name is Military Affairs Department. The military department has a streamlined structure and high administrative efficiency, which can handle military affairs quickly and further strengthen the centralization of monarchy.
After the Opium War, in order to promote the self-improvement movement, the Foreign Affairs Office of the Prime Minister and the Minister of Beiyang Trade were established in 186 1 and 1870 respectively, responsible for the planning and implementation of foreign relations and the self-improvement movement, and became the highest administrative organ during the self-improvement movement. After Eight-Nation Alliance,19118 in May, the Qing court announced the abolition of the Ministry of War, imitating western countries and Japan to implement the cabinet system, and the cabinet composed of prime ministers and ministers became the highest administrative organ.
2. The economy of Qing Dynasty was developed and the population increased greatly-it reached 300 million in Qianlong period, which made the output of food crops need to be further improved. In the Qing Dynasty, reclamation of wasteland, emigration to frontier areas and promotion of new crops were adopted to increase production. Due to the promotion of domestic and foreign trade, the economy and agriculture are relatively developed. In the handicraft industry, the slave system of craftsmen was changed to the tax service system.
Textile and porcelain are the most important industries, with cotton weaving surpassing silk weaving. Porcelain is painted on porcelain tires with enamel, and Jingdezhen in Jiangxi is the center of porcelain. In Qing dynasty, commerce was developed, and it was divided into ten business gangs. Among them, Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants dominate China's financial industry, while Fujian merchants and Chaozhou merchants master overseas trade. The Qing Dynasty once implemented the policy of sea ban, and it was not until the occupation of Taiwan Province Province that the coastal trade was slightly active, and the currency adopted the dual standard of silver and copper. In the late Kangxi period, in order to prevent rebellion, the policy of banning mines was implemented, which hindered the development of industry and commerce to some extent.
3. Qing culture refers to the culture of Qing Dynasty. After the conflict and integration of Han culture, Manchu culture produced Qing culture with two national characteristics, which in most cases also refers to the entity of Qing culture and continues to influence the establishment of the Republic of China. More than 300 years ago, Manchu (Nuzhen) culture began to absorb the surrounding national cultures from the original shaman culture system. Since the Manchu conquered the Central Plains, they paid more attention to absorbing the Han culture, and based on this primitive shaman culture, they merged themselves and created a special culture.