Questions and answers on banking finance 1. Do you have any questions about banking expertise?

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Organized and implemented by the China Banking Practitioners Qualification Certification Office. The examination and certification system consists of four basic links: qualification standard, examination system, qualification examination and continuing education.

The examination subjects are public foundation, personal finance, risk management, personal loan and corporate credit, among which public foundation is the basic subject and the rest are professional subjects. Candidates can choose any subject to enter the exam.

According to China's "Measures for the Administration of Qualification Examination Certificates for Banking Practitioners", passing the "public * * * basic" examination and obtaining the certificate is a necessary prerequisite for obtaining the professional certificate.

2. Pay attention to the financial knowledge of rural credit cooperatives

Finance has the following key knowledge: the division of currency grades. The basis and standard of currency classification is: liquidity.

The so-called "liquidity" refers to the ability of financial assets to be converted into real purchasing power in time without causing losses to the holders. The International Monetary Fund generally divides money into three grades: 1. M0= Cash circulating outside the banking system M0 refers to cash circulating outside the banking system, that is, cash held by residents and enterprises, with the strongest liquidity and the largest liquidity.

2.M 1=M0+ bank demand deposit (narrow currency) demand deposit can be realized at any time, and its liquidity is no less than cash. M 1 represents the actual purchasing power in a country's economy and is the object of monetary regulation by many central banks.

3.M2=M 1+ savings deposit+time deposit+* * bond (broad money) Because M2 usually reflects the change of total social demand and the pressure of future inflation, money supply generally refers to M2. Interbank lending market 1. Interbank lending market refers to short-term lending between financial institutions (mainly commercial banks) to adjust funds by using the time difference, spatial difference and interbank difference in the financing process.

Interbank lending between financial institutions in China is managed, organized, supervised and audited by the People's Bank of China. Interbank lending shall comply with the provisions of the People's Bank of China.

It is forbidden to use borrowed funds to issue fixed assets loans or make investments. Borrowing funds are limited to paying the deposit reserve, keeping the reserve fund and returning the idle funds after the loan of the People's Bank of China expires.

Borrowed funds are used to make up for the shortage of bill settlement and inter-bank foreign exchange positions, and to meet the needs of temporary liquidity. 2. The characteristics of the interbank lending market (1) The term of financing funds is relatively short, generally 1~2 days. The short term is overnight, and the length can be 1~2 weeks, generally not exceeding 1 month, but some of them are close to 1 year or reach/kloc.

(2) The participants in interbank lending are commercial banks and other financial institutions. (3) Inter-bank lending is basically credit lending, and lending activities are carried out among financial institutions with strict market access conditions. Financial institutions mainly participate in lending activities with their reputation.

(4) The interest rate is relatively low. 3. International representative lending rates LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate), US federal funds market interest rate, Singapore Interbank Offered Rate, Hong Kong Interbank Offered Rate and China SHIBOR (Shanghai Interbank Offered Rate).

Five-level classification of loans Since 2002, China has fully implemented the "five-level classification of loans" generally recognized by the international banking industry, and divided loans into five categories: normal, concerned, secondary, suspicious and loss, of which the first two categories are called normal loans or excellent loans, and the last three categories are called non-performing loans. Non-performing loan ratio is the most important index to measure the quality of bank assets.

Tools of broad monetary policy The tools of broad monetary policy mainly include open market business, rediscount policy and the adjustment of statutory deposit reserve ratio, which are called "three magic weapons". 1. Open market business Open market business means that the central bank sells or buys securities in the financial market and swallows the base currency to change the available funds of deposit-taking financial institutions such as commercial banks, thus affecting the money supply and interest rate.

The People's Bank of China began to issue central bank bills to commercial banks in 2003. Compared with other monetary policy tools, open market business has the characteristics of initiative, flexibility and timeliness: First, the central bank can "make a choice" and actively adjust rather than passively accept it.

Second, the policy is flexible and reversible. Third, the open market business can be operated on a small scale, enabling the central bank to accurately adjust the bank deposit reserve, which is the most commonly used monetary policy tool of a central bank.

2. The rediscount rate in rediscount policy is the interest rate set by the central bank when commercial banks apply to the central bank for discount. The characteristics of rediscount interest rate: first, short-term interest rate.

According to the Interim Measures for the Administration of Acceptance, Discount and Rediscussion of Commercial Bills, the longest period of acceptance, discount and rediscount of bills in China is no more than 6 months; The maximum period of rediscount shall not exceed 4 months. The rediscount rate shall be formulated, announced and adjusted by the People's Bank of China.

Second, this is an official interest rate. It is stipulated according to the national credit policy and reflects the policy intention of the central bank to some extent.

Third, it is the standard interest rate or the lowest interest rate. For example, the Bank of England has many different discount and loan interest rates, and its published recurring discount rate is the minimum standard.

As a monetary policy tool of the central bank, the rediscount interest rate aims to influence the financing cost of commercial banks and play a notification role. The advantage is flexibility, but the disadvantage is that the central bank is in a passive position when adopting this policy, which often fails to achieve the expected results. 3. Adjusting the statutory deposit reserve ratio Deposit reserve refers to the funds prepared by commercial banks to ensure customers' withdrawal of deposits and settlement of funds, including cash on hand in commercial banks and reserve deposits deposited in the central bank.

Because a small change in the statutory reserve ratio will cause a sharp change in the total amount of social money supply, forcing commercial banks to substantially adjust the credit scale, thus bringing violent shocks to the social economy. Therefore, central banks are often cautious when adjusting the statutory reserve ratio.

Financial derivatives 1. Non-standardized forward contracts; There is no fixed centralized trading place; Poor liquidity; High default. 2. A contract in which both parties to a futures contract conduct transactions in a fixed market by public bidding, and agree to buy and sell a standard quantity of certain underlying assets at a certain price at a certain date in the future.

Including: commodity futures contracts (metal futures contracts, agricultural products futures contracts and energy futures contracts) and financial futures contracts (interest rate futures, currency futures, stock index futures, foreign exchange futures and treasury bonds futures). Futures contracts (1) are characterized by standardized contracts; (2) Trading on the exchange and settlement with the exchange respectively; (3) The hedging transaction can be conducted before the delivery date to end its future positions (i.e. liquidation); (4) Mark the market day by day, and both the buyer and the seller must open a special margin account in the brokerage company.

3. option contracts option contracts is a contract that gives option contracts holders the right to buy and sell financial instruments at an agreed price on or before a certain future date. The loss of the buyer is limited (option fee) and the gain is unlimited.

The seller's income is.

3. Six major problems faced by the banking industry in China.

China's banking industry faces six major risks. Among all banking financial institutions in China, four wholly state-owned commercial banks (hereinafter referred to as the four banks) have played an important role in promoting economic development and maintaining social stability for a long time.

The assets of the four banks account for about 60% of all banking assets, and among the loans of state-owned key enterprises, the share of the four banks accounts for about 80%; In the state-owned key construction loans, the share of the four banks accounts for about 70%. 1. Main risks of poor social credit status. 2. Comprehensive risks brought by excessive banking. 3. The real risks brought by poor bank governance structure. 4. The risk that the excessive tax burden will weaken the bank's self-accumulation ability. 5. Transition risk of interest rate marketization. 6. The risk of China's gradual financial mixed operation characterized by financial holding.