Personal finance is life planning.
"Personal finance" appears with the increase of people's income and the improvement of their quality of life. In the era of agricultural economy, people live a self-sufficient life, and the low level of productivity makes the basic problem that most people face is survival. In feudal society, the concepts of "emphasizing agriculture over commerce" and "gentlemen don't talk about profit" made people shy about talking about money. Even after the founding of New China, the lifelong hope of the vast majority of ordinary people was just to fill their stomachs in the era of big pot rice and iron rice bowl and commodity shortage. Perhaps the word that people can best associate themselves with financial management is nothing more than putting money in the bank. When it comes to financial management recently, it means making money by trading stocks. However, in developed countries, people have to receive financial training since childhood. For example, the British government recently decided that a child must receive financial education with the theme of "making good use of money" at school from the age of five. The elementary courses include: where does the money come from and what can be used; After the age of seven, they should gradually learn how to handle their money properly, how to take care of their future needs through savings, and various factors that affect people's use and savings. We must let them know how to use their pocket money, control their budget and make good use of financial services. Therefore, financial management is a necessary condition for people to adapt to commodity economy and further socialization, and financial management is a manifestation of social progress. The ultimate goal of financial management should be to improve the quality of life and achieve personal goals. Among them, the increase of wealth is only one aspect. The security of wealth and personal social responsibility are both factors that must be considered in financial management. Therefore, financial management is not only the business of the rich, but also the business of the rich who are not good at financial management. People who have no money can also achieve the realm of "financial freedom" through systematic life planning and scientific financial management.
Don't put your eggs in the same basket.
Some experts believe that people should make a variety of investment portfolios in personal finance to broaden their wealth. The most suitable portfolio for ordinary families is: 40% bank savings, 30% bonds, 65,438+00% insurance, 65,438+00% stocks and 65,438+00% other investments. However, we should see that no model is an absolute truth. For different people, because of their different financial situation, everyone's financial goals are false? I'm sorry, I was lying. Why don't you stop? What's the matter with you? Straight soil? 5. How about throwing the child down and unloading it? What's the news What about the crane forever? And the owner? Did you get it?
Generally speaking, financial planning generally has five steps. The first step is to find out your assets, including how many assets you have at present, how many liabilities you have, and what your future income expectation is. Knowing how much money you can manage is the most basic prerequisite. In foreign countries, the job of a financial planner is to design a life plan and help implement it according to the customer's income, assets, liabilities and other data. Don't think that you don't have much money and it's not worth cleaning up. In real life, many people don't know their financial situation and how to live cautiously. In fact, this is also very simple. If you try to make two family financial statements yourself, you will know your financial situation at a glance, which is also very helpful for our ordinary families to arrange their income and expenditure reasonably. Generally speaking, family financial statements usually include income and expenditure statements and balance sheets.
A balance sheet usually consists of three parts: income, expenditure and balance. At present, our personal or family income usually includes salary income, part-time income, deposit interest income, stock investment income, rental income, other income and so on. And the items of consumption will vary from person to person. Families or individuals with different income levels will have different expenditure items, but generally speaking, they can also include such categories, such as: necessities expenditure, education expenditure (families with children), bank mortgage expenditure (housing loans, car loans, etc. ), investment expenditure and entertainment and communication expenditure. Each family can make classified statistics according to its own income and expenditure composition. However, whether it is consumption expenditure or investment expenditure, the general principle is that expenditure should be less than income and cannot be overdrawn for a long time, otherwise the economy will be too tight and your life will face great pressure. The balance is income minus expenditure. The balance sheet is similar to the profit statement of an enterprise (assets = liabilities+owners' equity). Compiling the income and expenditure statement can not only let us know the source of income and money in the current month or year at a glance, but also know the cash balance in that year. Moreover, we need to compare the income and expenditure items across the year to see which items are high and which items are low, think about the reasons behind them, consider whether the impact of high and low on ourselves or the whole family life is positive or negative, how to maintain a positive impact in the coming year, how big the bad impact is, whether it can be tolerated and how to overcome it. In short, we should actively expand the sources of income, save or reduce, or resolutely eliminate unnecessary expenditures. At the beginning of each year, caring friends can also make a prospect of their and their family's income in that year, that is, make a budget, which is even better. Fill in the budget figures under the corresponding items. Compare the actual situation of a quarter, half a year or a year, see where the differences are, and find the reasons behind them and countermeasures, and the effect will be better.
Second, define your financial goals. The setting of this goal is very important, otherwise, our financial management is blind and has no goal. However, in reality, many people don't even know what their goals are in the next few years. For example, buying a computer, a car or a house in five years, or how many assets you have reached, can be counted as specific financial goals. At the same time, quantify your goals, how much you need and how long you expect.
Third, know what your risk preference is. Risk preference is objective analysis rather than subjective likes and dislikes. Don't assume that you don't consider any objective situation. For example, many people put all their money into the stock market. In fact, he doesn't consider parents, children and family responsibilities. At this time, his risk preference deviated from the range he could bear.
Fourth, carry out strategic asset allocation, and then choose investment varieties and investment opportunities.
Fifth, do performance tracking, performance is the effect of investment. The market is constantly changing, so is our financial situation and income level. We should always evaluate our investment performance and manage our finances. Only in this way can financial security, asset appreciation and financial freedom be realized.
At present, the popular financial management methods are savings, insurance, national debt, stocks, funds, futures, foreign exchange, real estate, jewelry, stamps, antique calligraphy and painting, coins and auction. No matter what kind of financial management means, it has its own characteristics and is irreplaceable. There is no distinction between good and bad, and risks and benefits coexist. What kind of investment portfolio to choose in the end must be decided according to your actual situation and your risk tolerance. Different people should make different financial plans.
Anyway, financial management is by no means the patent of the rich. Rich people need financial management, and those who have no money need to make financial planning. Even people with zero assets need to manage money. For example, a college graduate who has just entered the society should focus on improving his practical ability rather than investing. He can get all kinds of certificates, work hard and actively develop good interpersonal relationships to seek better development opportunities, higher-paying positions and jobs. Getting a high salary should be the main goal of its financial planning at this stage.
Another example is a working-class couple, whose savings are only 20,000 to 30,000 yuan. The upper level is the elderly and the lower level is small. They spend all their income every month, there is no balance, and their children are going to college soon. So how can we use this limited fund to support our parents, send our children to college and meet the needs of life? This requires us to conduct good financial management. According to the actual economic situation of this family, we can make such a financial plan: in education, we can save money for children's education and save it every month for two years. When the children are in the second year of college, they can take out the saved education fees and enjoy preferential interest. The interest rate is 25% higher than the normal deposit rate. In addition, they also have real estate, which can be used as mortgage and education loan, so that children can get an education loan of 20 thousand yuan in their first year of college. At the same time, we should also consider the planning of financial security. For example, couples should do some basic medical security and basic regular security planning. This sense of security is very important to them, because they are the backbone of family life. Once they have problems, their children's education can't be realized, and the elderly can't support them. Nowadays, many families only buy insurance for their children, ignoring the safety guarantee for the main creators of family wealth, which is actually very dangerous. For such a family, we must fully guarantee the source of income and make this family very safe. This is actually personal finance.
For example, a well-off family with a monthly income of 6,000 yuan, although both husband and wife have relatively stable units and good welfare, they have participated in medical insurance and paid endowment insurance. But the family's financial planning should also focus on financial security. Their financial structure should not only have a certain amount of savings, but also have insurance investment, such as commercial insurance for commercial housing and appropriate personal insurance for family members. You can consider buying an appropriate amount of personal insurance, as well as family property insurance and dividend insurance. In this way, in addition to enjoying the operating results of insurance companies and sharing dividends, it can also minimize the unexpected losses of families.
In addition, although the children at home are still in primary school, the level of education consumption is increasing year by year. In a few years, children's school choice fees will be as high as tens of thousands of yuan, and all kinds of expenses for going to college will be even greater. So couples can also consider saving for their children's education. Education savings has the characteristics of no interest tax and high interest rate. The annual interest rate of six-year education savings is 2.79%, while the maximum annual interest rate of lump-sum deposit and withdrawal is only 1.584% (after tax). They can make full use of this preferential policy, open an education savings account for their children in the bank and deposit it regularly in 260 yuan every month. When the children go to high school, they can get back the principal and interest of more than 20 thousand yuan, which maximizes the savings income. As for other financial products, such as stock trading, foreign exchange speculation and real estate investment, we must make a portfolio on the basis of financial security and according to our actual financial situation and risk tolerance.
Everyone's life is inseparable from financial management. Lifelong financial management is to manage and plan your life as an enterprise. Short-term daily consumption, medium-term material and spiritual investment, long-term pension and accident prevention plans are closely related to each of us.