Abstract: In recent years, the traditional one-way linear development mode of "quickly building wells (mines), forcibly mining and discharging wastes" in coal enterprises has exposed many deep-seated problems. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent to develop circular economy. This paper puts forward the idea of developing circular economy and the problems to be solved.

Keywords: coal enterprises; Development; Circular economy; Work; think

China is short of resources, especially energy. According to statistics, the per capita share of oil, natural gas and coal in China is 1 1%, 4% and 54% of the world average respectively. Relatively speaking, there is a little more coal, which determines that China's primary energy structure can only be dominated by coal.

For a long time, the development of China's resource industry has been a one-way linear model of "mass production, mass consumption and mass abandonment". Accordingly, the development mode of coal enterprises is "building mines (wells) quickly, forcibly mining and discharging wastes". Although this traditional development model has provided necessary energy for human beings and laid the material foundation for rapid economic development, there are also many deep-seated problems.

First, the traditional development model of coal enterprises problems

(A) waste of resources

Due to the lack of long-term planning and management, not paying attention to the improvement of resource exploration, and not establishing a scientific reserve management system, coal enterprises unilaterally pursue output and economic benefits, choose fertilizer and choose thin ones, and discard thin ones, which undermines the overall recoverability of coal resources. According to statistics, the average comprehensive recovery rate of coal resources in China is 30% ~ 40%, which is a serious waste of resources. In the long run, it will inevitably lead to disastrous consequences.

(B) low utilization of resources

On average, the design efficiency of major energy-consuming equipment in China (especially coal-fired heat engines) is about 8% lower than that of foreign advanced level, and the system operation efficiency is about 25% lower than that of foreign advanced level. The heating energy consumption per unit building area is 1.5 times higher than that in developed countries with similar climatic conditions. Therefore, the energy consumption per unit product in high energy-consuming industries is more than 40% higher than the world advanced level, and the utilization rate of coal resources is extremely low.

(3) Environmental pollution

The environmental pollution sources (wastes) of coal enterprises mainly include sewage and coal gangue, one is fluid and the other is solid. Generally speaking, the discharge of coal gangue accounts for 10% ~ 15% of its coal output, and the discharge of sewage varies with its mine water inflow. Sewage discharged into rivers will pollute the water system, and it will destroy the soil structure when it flows into fields, causing soil hardening and affecting crop growth. The main pollution modes of coal gangue are dust in sunny days and water spraying in rainy days (secondary sewage).

(D) Ecological imbalance

The ecological imbalance of the surrounding environment of coal enterprises is mainly caused by surface collapse caused by mining. Strong underground mining leads to deep surface subsidence. In the past, the only task of coal mines was coal mining, and nothing else was considered. The so-called collapse control only refers to the compensation for the damage of local farmers' houses or other buildings, or in-situ reinforcement or new construction in different places, which is called "relocation compensation". However, the deep-seated problems caused by collapse, such as river drying up, vegetation withering and biological chain destruction, lack of comprehensive management, and over time, cause ecological imbalance. Most coal cities in China are built because of coal. First coal, then cities, then mines, then cities. With the exhaustion of resources, coal often dries up. There are many such tragedies.

Second, the necessity of developing circular economy in coal enterprises

In recent years, the disadvantages of the traditional one-way linear development model of coal enterprises, especially the deep-seated problems gradually exposed, have attracted the attention of more and more people of insight and even experts and government officials. Especially at the Third Session of the Tenth National People's Congress held in March, 2005, Premier Wen Jiabao proposed "vigorously developing circular economy and speeding up the utilization and recycling of resources from the aspects of resource exploitation, production and consumption, waste utilization and social consumption", which further made people realize the necessity and urgency of developing circular economy in coal enterprises.

Circular economy model is an eco-economic development pattern characterized by clean production of products, recycling of resources and efficient recycling of wastes. It is based on the concept of harmonious development between man and nature and the way of getting along with the environment, and follows the laws of material circulation and energy flow of natural ecosystems to reconstruct economic systems and harmoniously incorporate them into the process of material and energy circulation of natural ecosystems. Circular economy requires that economic activities be organized into a process of "resource development-resource utilization-resource regeneration" in an efficient and orderly manner according to the circular mode of natural ecosystem, so as to keep the overall economic growth low in consumption, high in quality and low in waste, thus reducing the impact of economic activities on the natural environment to a minimum.

Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable development of coal enterprises and avoid the tragedy of coal exhaustion, it is necessary to develop circular economy.

Three, coal enterprises to develop circular economy ideas and problems to be solved

In coal enterprises, when it comes to developing circular economy, we first talk about lengthening the industrial chain, such as "coal-electricity-aluminum" or "coal-electricity-building materials". Coal enterprises turn the mined coal into electricity, aluminum and building materials themselves, which seems to realize circular economy. Of course, the extension of industrial chain is not contrary to the development of circular economy, but the author thinks that the development of circular economy in coal enterprises should be fundamentally considered from the perspective of the whole society, and the internal characteristics and external environment of enterprises should be combined to broaden their thinking and solve problems.

(1) Strengthen overall planning, rationally allocate resources, improve the supervision system and realize orderly mining.

At present, people are more and more aware of the importance of resources and the strategic position of energy, especially the reserve of coal resources, which has recently triggered a new round of competition for exploration and mining rights. Local governments with resources hoard, throw hydrangeas at will, contact coal production enterprises in many ways and bargain; Many coal production enterprises, with the luck of "there are dates that don't hit the poles", attack everywhere and run around like headless flies. Some people vividly compare it to "Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period" or "Enclosure Movement". In recent years, coal enterprises such as Shandong and Henan have indeed built new wells in western regions such as Guizhou and Ningxia. It is said that other companies have extended their reach overseas, such as Australia and Indonesia. Not to mention overseas affairs for the time being, but as a resource-poor country like ours, we must learn the lesson of "diving into one thing and diving into another", comprehensively demonstrate the reserve reserves of coal resources from technical and economic aspects, strengthen overall planning, rationally allocate resources and realize orderly mining. Even for existing production mines, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of reserves, do everything possible to improve the recovery rate and minimize the waste of resources. However, driven by strong interests, can the coal industry association undertake this important task alone? Can the the State Council Energy Leading Group be so specific? Developed countries such as the United States have set up specialized agencies such as the Energy Commission. Should China also restore or set up corresponding institutions to coordinate and manage coal enterprises in a unified way?

(two) the development of clean coal technology, improve the utilization of resources.

Under the extensive mining mode in the past, most coal mines only provided a single product-raw coal. No matter what kind of users and performance of the heat engine, it is the same to change. Therefore, to improve the utilization rate of coal resources, on the one hand, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of heat engine and heat pipe network; On the other hand, we should vigorously develop clean coal technology, coal washing, coal blending and briquette technology; Conditional, but also gradually implement coal liquefaction and gasification projects, improve the degree of coal processing, increase product varieties, meet the requirements of different types of users, and provide basic conditions for the full use of resources.

In addition, the government must break departmental boundaries, encourage the implementation of joint ventures in related industries, establish a safe and stable industrial chain, and promote group management.

(3) Comprehensive development of resources and environmental protection

For coal gangue, sewage, gas and other major coal mine wastes, we should renew our ideas, broaden our thinking, comprehensively develop them, and turn waste into treasure and bring them into the economic circle. Taking Hemei Group as an example, 8 pairs of production mines produce 3760 cubic meters of sewage per hour (all from limestone with good underground primary water quality), almost all of which are discharged without treatment, polluting the environment. In northern China, where water resources are increasingly scarce, waste is really heartbreaking. After demonstration, the comprehensive utilization project of mine water was started, and the treated clean water can be used by thermal power plants with an annual output of 135 MW.

The gangue discharged from mines can be divided into two categories: one is washing gangue, which is one of the wastes from washing plants and has a low calorific value of about 3500 ~ 4500 kcal; The other kind is rock roadway gangue, that is, the gangue discharged in the process of rock roadway excavation, which is nonflammable. The former can be used as raw materials for comprehensive utilization of coal gangue in power plants, while the latter is difficult to use. At present, the main utilization direction is coal gangue sintered brick. There is no technical problem in developing coal gangue bricks, but the main problem is to obtain policy support. Because the cost is slightly higher than that of clay bricks, the government needs to give it a tilt in taxation. At present, some cities in China have banned the use of clay bricks for environmental protection, especially for the protection of cultivated land. This practice should be enforced. In addition, when I visited Australia in 2004, I noticed a very meaningful practice: before the 2000 Olympic Games, the Sydney municipal government wrapped up the garbage mountain that could not be disposed of temporarily with turf similar to a football field, decorated it with winding paths, pavilions and stones, and turned it into a leisure place. At present, there are one or more coal gangue hills in China, especially old mines. If not, we can follow this method. On the one hand, it can reduce dust and moisture, on the other hand, it can also be protected for future generations.

Coal mining enterprises will also emit a large amount of methane (CH4) during mining, especially in high gas mines. Still taking Hemei Group as an example, in the past, the drainage system discharged about 40 million cubic meters of gas into the air every year. The greenhouse effect of gas is 23 times that of CO2, which not only seriously damages the atmospheric environment, but also wastes resources. Since 2004, Hemei Group began to research and test gas power generation technology, and has equipped generator sets 10 so far, especially overcoming the difficulties of low-concentration gas deflagration power generation, which has brought unexpected gains to the enterprise.

In addition, while mining (not at the end of mining), we must pay attention to the comprehensive management of subsidence areas. The state introduced policies, and local governments and enterprises participated in protecting ecological balance and maintaining green homes.

(D) Building a long-term management mechanism to ensure the safety of coal mines.

The purpose of developing circular economy in coal mining enterprises is to realize sustainable development, build a harmonious mining area and build a harmonious society. Therefore, we have to mention the safety of coal mines. At present, the average death rate per million tons of coal mines in China is about 3.2, which is much higher than other major coal-producing countries in the world. For example, the United States is 0.04, South Africa is 0. 13 and India is 0.42. Especially since June 5438+ 10, 2004, three particularly serious gas explosion accidents have occurred successively in Daping Coal Mine of Mei Zheng Group, Chenjiashan of Tongchuan Mining Bureau and Lijing of Haizhou of Fuxin Mining Group, which has caused people in the industry to deeply reflect on the coal mine safety management system. The author wants to talk about some superficial views.

1998 The former Ministry of Coal was abolished, and all 94 unified mining bureaus were decentralized to local provincial governments. At the same time, the state has set up coal mine safety supervision bureaus, vertically set up corresponding coal mine safety supervision bureaus in coal-producing provinces, and set up offices in major coal-producing cities. From the original management guidance to law enforcement supervision, it is said to imitate the advanced model of the United States. However, such a system has not fundamentally improved the safety situation of coal mines, but major vicious accidents have occurred one after another, which cannot but make people think deeply. Such a system has at least two disadvantages: First, the safety supervision bureaus at all levels were born out of the original coal management department. People from the Ministry of Coal entered the National Bureau, people from the Ministry of Coal entered the Provincial Bureau, and people from the Mining Bureau entered the organs, all of which are inextricably linked with coal enterprises. How can we ensure independent and effective law enforcement? Secondly, for large state-owned coal mines, the investor is the government, and the safety supervision bureau is the functional organization of the government. How can a family ensure independent and effective law enforcement? Therefore, the author believes that in view of the current national conditions, especially the state-owned coal mining enterprises, coal mine safety should still be based on management guidance under the condition of relatively low technology, equipment and personnel quality. As for law enforcement, that's a matter for the judiciary. Back to the previous question, as far as coal mine safety is concerned, is it necessary to restore or set up a special organization to carry out overall management professionally?