1, equity financing is an equity investment accepted by enterprises, not a debt investment. For example, issuing stocks and accepting investment from new shareholders are all equity financing, and the issuance expenses incurred for this are equity financing expenses.

2, usually refers to the financial instruments derived from the underlying assets. Because of many financial derivatives

Commodity trading has no corresponding account on the balance sheet, so it is also called "off-balance-sheet trading". According to the product form

, can be divided into four categories: forward, futures, options and swaps.

First, the concept and characteristics of financial derivatives

(A) the concept of financial derivatives

Financial derivatives refer to derivative financial products whose prices are determined by the changes of basic products or basic variables.

(B) the basic characteristics of financial derivatives

1, intertemporal transaction

2. Leverage effect

3. Uncertainty and high risk

4. Hedging and speculative arbitrage

Second, the classification of financial derivatives

(a) according to the type of basic tools:

1, stock derivatives

2. Currency derivatives

3. Interest rate derivatives

(2) According to the characteristics of risk and return:

Symmetric type and asymmetric type

(3) According to the transaction mode and characteristics:

Financial forward contracts, financial futures, financial options and financial swaps

4. Derivative financial instruments (also called derivative financial products) are derivatives of original financial instruments (such as stocks and bonds). Simply put, it is to predict the future market trends of financial instruments such as stock prices, interest rates and exchange rates, pay a small amount of margin, sign forward contracts or exchange derivative trading contracts of different financial products. Forward contracts, futures contracts, options, swaps, NIF, interest rate ceiling and interest rate floor all belong to this category.