Economics: 1. Information asymmetry theory: It provides theoretical help for us to make some choices in our lives. 2. Law of value: Our daily life is a process of accumulation and consumption. Knowing some laws of value can make our business more reasonable. 3. Knowledge of capital operation in political economy: In modern society, economy is everywhere. Knowing some knowledge of capital operation is helpful for our daily participation in economic activities. 4. Marshall's Scissors Theory: It provides us with a way to analyze problems.
Political philosophy: The most basic political philosophy is Ma Zhe's scientific socialism. In addition, you can also read Huntington's book. In daily life, because most of us don't participate in direct politics. So it can only help us understand the background of the times.
2. Economics of daily life
Economic phenomena in daily life
I used to take a taxi at 1.2 yuan/km. But after the price increase, it is rarely played.
Last time I was on a business trip in Nanjing, every time the driver charged me an extra dollar for the "fuel price increase", I suddenly realized that this was the smart thing to do.
Why can Nanjing * * * think of such a good way, but Beijing * * * officials can't think of it?
The result of double defeat is what ordinary people like me who know a little about economics can think of.
And there are many capable people who point out in the newspaper online.
Why didn't we * * * officials think of it?
Second, why are the prices of clothes of different sizes the same? The cost of raw materials is naturally different with different sizes. Why is it not reflected in the price? Explanation:
A. Compared with other expenses such as design, processing and circulation, the cost of raw materials only accounts for a small part, and the cost difference caused by different sizes is not significant.
B There is no regular packaging bag, and the price is different, so it is difficult to manage when selling and storing.
C. suspected of discriminating against major customers.
3. Three cases of economics in daily life
Why do clothes of different sizes cost the same? The cost of raw materials is naturally different with different sizes. Why is it not reflected in the price?
Note: Compared with other expenses such as design, processing and circulation, the cost of raw materials only accounts for a small part, and the cost difference caused by different sizes is not big; There is no formal packaging bag, the price is different, and it is not easy to manage when selling and storing.
When carrying a backpack, we all know that both sides of the back should be comfortable at the same time. Why do we always bring only one side?
Note: Both sides take turns to change their backs and have a rest.
No one wants a catty of radish and cabbage on TV, and the retail price on the market is not cheap. Why?
Explanation: This economic explanation is a question of cost and benefit. Vegetable farmers produce agricultural products through wholesalers, retailers and other circulation links. Intermediate transportation costs, store entry costs, market control costs, especially transportation costs account for a large part of China's commodity costs, and consumers pay the bill. As the cost rises, the market supply decreases and the supply curve moves up, while the consumer price elasticity of agricultural products is small, the price increase and consumption change are small, and the demand curve is basically unchanged.
Chinese name: Economics
Mbth: economics
Subject: Social Science
Origin: China ancient economics.
Definition: Economics is a theory that studies the law of human economic activities, that is, the law of value creation, transformation and realization-the law of economic development, which is divided into political economics and scientific economics.
Core idea: By studying, grasping and applying economic laws, we can realize the optimal allocation and regeneration of resources, create, transform and realize value to the maximum, meet the needs of human material and cultural life, and promote the sustainable development of society.
Basic principle: symmetrical balance theory
The core law: the law of value
Research object: the essence and law of human economic activities.
4. What are the values and total values in common sense of economics called in daily life?
This is a purely theoretical concept, which is generally not expressed in daily life. If we must combine life, we can manage the quantity of value in this way: generally, it defaults to the quantity of value of a unit commodity, that is, the labor time spent in producing a unit commodity (a commodity), but we are not used to measuring the value of a commodity with time in daily life, which is the price, so we can manage the quantity of value in this way, but it is not the same as the price. Total value: the total value generated per unit time. For example, eight hours of labor time can produce four kinds of goods, each of which has two hours' value, so the total value of eight hours is eight hours. If you are preparing for the college entrance examination, the key to this part of knowledge is to understand: the relationship between value and socially necessary labor time, and the relationship between labor productivity, and the teacher will give you a diagram to understand.
5. Economics of daily life
Economic phenomena in daily life. I used to take a taxi at 1.2 yuan/km.
But after the price increase, it is rarely played. Last time I was on a business trip in Nanjing, every time the driver charged me an extra dollar for the "fuel price increase", I suddenly realized that this was the smart thing to do.
Why can Nanjing * * * think of such a good way, but Beijing * * * officials can't think of it? The result of double defeat is what ordinary people like me who know a little about economics can think of. And there are many capable people who point out in the newspaper online. Why can't we * * * officials think of it? Second, why are the prices of clothes of different sizes the same? The cost of raw materials is naturally different with different sizes. Why is it not reflected in the price? Explanation: A. Compared with other expenses such as design, processing and circulation, the cost of raw materials only accounts for a small part, and the cost difference caused by different sizes is not big. B There is no regular packaging bag, and the price is different, so it is difficult to manage when selling and storing.
C. suspected of discriminating against major customers.
6. Find three examples of economics in daily life and analyze them.
Macroeconomics in life
Using the explanation of unemployment economics to analyze the dining rate in canteen.
As a member of the university, one thing students must do every day is to eat in the canteen. But there are always some students who don't eat in the canteen every day. Why is this?
On the surface, the phenomenon of not eating in the canteen is caused by students' dissatisfaction with the service provided by the canteen. In order to better understand the problem of dining in the canteen, we use the economic explanation of unemployment to analyze it. See Figure (Resources).
In the figure, the horizontal axis is the students' expectation index (requirements for canteens), and the vertical axis is the canteen index (including food quality, price and service quality, assuming that the current canteen index is 1). Curve D is the number of students dining in the canteen, and curve S is the expected number of students dining in the canteen.
As can be seen from the figure, the equilibrium point of the number of students dining in the canteen is at point E, the canteen index is 1.2 at equilibrium, and the student expectation index is 3. It can be seen that the number of students dining in the school canteen still has a little room for growth, but it is only a little. When the student expectation index is lower than 3, area A is marked. At this time, the canteen index is very low, but the students' expectation index is also very low. The average number of people dining in the canteen is more than expected. Usually, these students are people who have less pocket money or low dietary requirements and are content with the status quo. In area B, with the increase of the canteen index, the number of people dining is further reduced, because the students' expectation index is much larger than the canteen index. Usually such students are rich, or have high taste, don't like the environment in the canteen, or are rebellious.
In addition, other factors will also affect the dining rate in the canteen. For example:
Weather factors: When it is cold or rainy, the number of people ordering takeout rises sharply, which affects the dining rate in the canteen.
Personality factor: Some students are lazy, or don't like to appear in crowded places, so they are called takeout.
Exercise factor: If you can't eat after exercise, you will be asked to take food back to the dormitory.
Social factors: If you invite your girlfriend to dinner occasionally, you'd better not go to the canteen.
Among the above-mentioned other factors, weather is an inevitable factor, and other factors account for a relatively small proportion.
7. Life Economics
1, Economics: Beer Effect Principle "Beer Effect" is a common economic phenomenon in the circulation field, not unique to the beer industry.
It refers to the economic phenomenon that demand information is distorted in the process of transmission within the supply chain for the sake of maximizing its own interests because of the information asymmetry between enterprises at all nodes in the supply chain. In a supply chain, because the information transmission is out of control, retailers are optimistic about the demand, so they increase orders; The increasing demand of retailers has greatly affected manufacturers, and the behavior of manufacturers has also greatly affected raw material suppliers.
That is to say, the signal is constantly amplified in the process of reverse transmission, and the consumer's demand may only need 10 bottle, but the retailer's order makes the manufacturer blindly optimistic about the demand, causing the impression that it seems to need 100 bottle, while the manufacturer's large order from the upstream supplier gives the impression that it seems to need 1000 bottle. On the contrary, the same is true when demand shrinks.
In the current real estate market, we can often see the shadow of the "beer effect". Due to the distortion of information in the real estate market, developers are full of confidence in the expectations of the real estate market and auction land crazily, which leads to soaring land prices and sharp rise in house prices.
Under the psychological influence of consumers, the sales area of real estate has increased year after year. When investors see that the real estate market is booming, they will increase their investment and inject new funds into the real estate market, which will make real estate developers more confident in the future real estate development, and then bid for land crazily, thus forming a vicious circle of "beer effect" and blowing the bubble of the real estate industry bigger and bigger.
The house price seriously deviates from the real value of the house. If the bubble bursts, it will inevitably lead to a decline in house prices, and investors and developers in the real estate market will taste the consequences in this round of cycle triggered by the "beer effect". The principle of "beer effect" tells us that enterprises should not be too blind when entering the market, but should do a good job in investigating the market demand first to avoid wasting resources and unnecessary losses because of blind optimism.
2. The principle of "cobweb theory", also called "harvest paradox", is a strange phenomenon in the market economy, which refers to the theory that the price and output of some commodities interact and cause regular periodic changes. 1930 was independently put forward by Schultz of the United States, J. Dingbergen of the Netherlands and Ricky of Italy.
Because the continuous change of price and output is like a spider's web, Caldo of Britain named this theory cobweb theory in 1934. Contrary to classical economic theory, cobweb theory proves that under certain assumptions, after the market equilibrium is broken, the economic system may not be able to automatically restore equilibrium.
The assumptions are: first, there is perfect competition, and every producer thinks that the current market price will continue, and changing his own production plan will not affect the market; Second, the price is determined by the supply, and the supply is determined by the previous market price; Third, the goods produced are not durable goods. These assumptions show that cobweb theory is mainly used to analyze agricultural products.
Therefore, for the phenomenon of high yield and no harvest brought by cobweb theory. We can also understand that in a completely competitive agricultural product market, when the price of an agricultural product rises in one year and brings huge profits to farmers, a large number of farmers will choose to plant this crop in the next year, so for a time, the supply of this agricultural product exceeds demand in the market and the price drops sharply.
Although farmers have achieved a bumper harvest after a year of hard work, their income has not increased. This is also the main reason why many farmers have left the land to work in cities in recent years.
In short, farmers do not have the ability to accurately predict the market, and planting crops is easily influenced by historical experience and blindly follow the trend. In the end, they work hard but can't get the expected income. In order to eliminate or reduce the cobweb fluctuation of agricultural products market, on the one hand, we need to use economic policies such as supporting prices or ceiling prices to intervene in the market, on the other hand, we need to use the market's own adjustment mechanism to adjust, such as developing characteristic agriculture and using futures market.
3. Principle of Parkinson's Law Parkinson's Law is the name of bureaucratic phenomenon in economics, which can also be called "official disease", "organizational paralysis disease" or "big enterprise disease". It originated from Parkinson's Law published by the famous British historian Northgood Parkinson 1958. Parkinson's book explains the reasons and consequences of the expansion of institutional personnel: an incompetent official may have three ways out. The first is to apply for resignation and give your seat to someone who has the ability; The second is to let a capable person help him with his work; The third is to appoint two people lower than themselves as assistants.
This first way is absolutely impossible, because many rights will be lost; You can't go the second way, because that capable person will become your opponent; It seems that only the third way is the most suitable. So, two mediocre assistants share his work, and he gives orders from above. They will not pose a threat to their rights.
Since both assistants are incompetent, find yourself two incompetent assistants from top to bottom. In this way, the workload that should have been completed by one person was shared by seven people.
By analogy, a leadership system is formed, which is bloated, overstaffed, wrangling with each other and inefficient. Parkinson also found that in an organization, the increase of institutions and personnel does not come entirely from the needs of real work, but has its own needs and laws.
Management activities themselves will produce work, and increasing manpower will produce a management system with overlapping functions and wrangling with each other, thus making the work objectives unclear and not compact, leading to low work efficiency. Parkinson came to the conclusion that in administrative management, the number of administrative agencies will increase like a pyramid, and the number of administrative personnel will expand. Everyone is very busy, but the organizational efficiency is getting lower and lower.
Therefore, this law is also called "pyramid rising" phenomenon. In real life, Parkinson's Law is very common. No matter which country has institutions, incompetent managers and the need for self-improvement, there will be "Parkinson's Law".
The wide spread of Parkinson's law in the world has profoundly revealed the "official infection" such as overstaffing and inefficiency caused by this power expansion.
8. Analyze daily life with microeconomic principles.
Modern economics uses the principle of equilibrium to describe the damage to farmers, which has developed to three levels: macro, meso and micro, and the analysis method has also changed from the initial qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis. Macroeconomics and Microeconomics, the primary courses, have dense mathematical models and derivations, which make non-professionals like beginners of economics like me flinch. In fact, economics comes from life, and the principles of economics have penetrated into every corner of daily life and production. Economic principles can be widely used in life. Every human behavior can be explained by economics, and people unconsciously apply the laws of economics in their daily lives. For example, the price of commodities is closely related to the demand price elasticity of commodities, the production cost and profitability of enterprises. Changes in prices will cause changes in demand. However, for different commodities, the response of demand to price changes is different. The price of some commodities changes greatly, while the demand changes little. The prices of some commodities have not changed much, but the demand has changed greatly. "Cheap grain hurts farmers" is a long-standing saying of China, which describes such an economic phenomenon: in a bumper harvest year, farmers' income decreases. This seemingly incomprehensible phenomenon can be explained by the principle of elasticity. "Elasticity theory is to explain the relationship between the change ratio of price and the change ratio of demand. Demand price elasticity refers to the ratio of the change rate of demand (enterprise sales) of a commodity to its price change rate. It reflects the sensitivity of commodity demand to its price changes. The ratio of demand change rate to price change rate is the elastic coefficient of demand price elasticity. That is, the elasticity coefficient of demand price elasticity = demand. The formula for calculating the price elasticity of demand is: ed = (△ q ÷ q) ╱ (△ p ÷ p) = [(Q2-q1) ╱ q1] ╱ [(P2-) Percentage of demand increase. │Ed │ 1, demand is said to be elastic. At this time, the range of demand change is greater than the range of price change. When the price of a commodity changes, its demand elasticity is closely related to the change of total income caused by the price change. This is because the total income is equal to the price multiplied by the sales volume, and the change of price causes the change of demand. As a result, the sales volume has changed. The demand elasticity of different commodities is different, so the change of sales volume caused by price change is different, and the change of total income is also different. If the demand of a commodity is elastic, when the price of the commodity falls, the increase of demand is greater than the decrease of price, then the total income will increase; When the commodity price rises, the demand decreases more than the price increases, so the total income will decrease. For example, the price of a commodity per kilogram of 2 yuan, the sales volume is 1000 kilograms, and the demand elasticity of this commodity is 2.5. If the price of this commodity is reduced to per kilogram 1.8 yuan, what will happen to the total income? It is known that: p1= 2q1=1000ed = 2.5p2 =1.8, let the percentage of demand change be x, Then ed = [(Q2-q1) ÷ q1]] [(P2-p1) ÷ p1] 2.5 = x * 2.0 ÷ (6555438). Total income: tr1= p1* q1= 2 *1000 = 20000. 1250=2250 yuan TR2-TR 1 = 250 yuan. As a result, the total revenue of commodities after the price reduction has increased in 250 yuan. This is the reason why elastic goods are "small profits but quick turnover". If the demand for a commodity is inelastic and vice versa. For example, the demand curve of cigarettes is inelastic because addicted smokers don't care about the price. Therefore, the price level has little effect on the demand for cigarettes. For example, there is an old saying in China that "cheap grain hurts farmers", which means a bumper harvest. Farmers' income has decreased because of falling food prices. The reason is that food is a necessity and the demand price elasticity is small. In other words, people don't eat more food because it is cheap, but the decrease in food prices caused by the bumper harvest will not increase demand in the same proportion, thus reducing the total income and making farmers suffer losses. Food is a necessity, and the income elasticity of demand is small, that is to say, people's income has increased, but food consumption has not increased. In capitalist society, the practice of destroying food and agricultural products during the economic crisis is also due to the lack of flexibility in the demand for food products. Reducing prices will not greatly increase demand, but will only reduce total income, so capitalists will reduce losses by destroying these agricultural products. I believe that with the deepening of study, we will learn more similar economic laws that are unconsciously applied in daily life, and we can apply these laws to analyze the deep-seated reasons.