2. The carbon financial products of Hubei Carbon Emission Trading Center include: carbon forward, carbon fund, carbon asset pledge financing, carbon bond, carbon asset custody, carbon financial structured deposit and carbon emission quota repurchase financing.
3. The carbon financial products of Shenzhen Emissions Exchange include: carbon asset pledge financing, domestic and foreign carbon asset repurchase financing, carbon bonds, carbon quota custody, green structured deposits, carbon funds, etc.
4. The carbon financial products of Beijing Green Exchange include: OTC swap trading of carbon quota, OTC option trading of carbon quota, carbon quota repurchase financing, carbon quota pledge financing and carbon neutrality.
5. The carbon financial products of Guangzhou Carbon Emissions Trading Center include: carbon forward, quota mortgage financing, quota repurchase financing and quota custody.
6. Carbon financial products of Tianjin Emissions Exchange include: carbon neutrality.
7. The carbon financial products of Chongqing Carbon Emissions Trading Center include: carbon neutrality.
8. The carbon financial products of Sichuan United Environment Exchange include: carbon forward, carbon emission quota repurchase, carbon asset pledge financing, carbon bonds and carbon funds.
9. The carbon financial products of Fujian Strait Equity Exchange Center include: forestry carbon sink, carbon emission rights agreement repurchase and carbon emission quota pledge. The so-called carbon finance broadly refers to all kinds of financial activities with low-carbon economy as the core, or carbon financing and trading of carbon substances, including direct investment and financing of technologies and projects such as limiting greenhouse gas emissions, bank green loans, carbon credit derivatives represented by carbon futures options, carbon financial activities involving institutional investors and venture capital, and carbon trading based on quotas and projects.
10. Among them, the investment and financing of green loans and greenhouse gas emission reduction services are carbon financial activities in the traditional sense, and their service objects and tools have obvious financial attributes.
1. Carbon emission rights have financial attributes because they are essentially homogeneous rights assets that can generate future cash flows, that is, all kinds of physical energy can realize the standard quantification of rights and their benefits in the form of carbon equivalent, which makes them have tradable attributes and market pricing basis, which conforms to the characteristics of homogeneity, profitability and liquidity of financial assets. From the practice of carbon emission trading market, the trend of financialization and securitization is more and more obvious.
2. In addition, carbon emissions trading links financial capital more closely with the real economy based on green technology. Not only do financial capital directly or indirectly invest in projects and enterprises that create carbon assets, but the emission reductions generated by different projects and enterprises also enter the carbon financial market for trading and develop into standard financial instruments. Therefore, carbon emission trading has the basic attributes of financial transactions and is the main direction and field of carbon finance development in the future.
3. Definition of carbon finance: financial capital is used to drive the improvement of environmental rights and interests, supported by laws and regulations, and related carbon financial products and their derivatives are traded or circulated on market-oriented platforms by financial means and methods, so as to finally achieve the goal of low-carbon, green and sustainable development.