First, high energy consumption.
The resources such as ore, coal and electricity needed to produce one ton of steel are far higher than the average level of developed countries and even the world. Moreover, with the development of iron and steel industry in recent years, large-scale steelmaking has been carried out in some places, and the resource consumption per unit steel is increasing.
Second, the product structure is unreasonable.
Long steel products with low added value account for more than 60%, while high-grade steel products needed by automobiles, machine tools, household appliances and other industries need to be imported in large quantities. The deep-seated reason is that the scale of iron and steel enterprises is too small to reach the output level required by economies of scale and they do not have the ability to innovate. Therefore, the result of the development of iron and steel industry is that a large number of ores are imported, processed into low-grade steel and then exported in large quantities, which consumes valuable resources, causes the overall tension of coal and electricity, leaves pollution and only earns negligible profits. This extraordinary development of iron and steel industry is not in line with the general direction of China to achieve sustained growth and establish a conservation-oriented economy. Therefore, on July 20th, the State Council promulgated the "Iron and Steel Industry Development Policy" and implemented the new iron and steel policy, which is of great significance. Among them, controlling production scale reasonably, improving industrial concentration and optimizing variety structure have strategic guiding significance for the development of China iron and steel industry.
The third is the market situation.
The proactive fiscal policy has enabled China to get out of the financial crisis first, but the problems of imbalance, uncoordinated and unsustainable economic development are still outstanding. Under the guiding principles of maintaining growth, controlling inflation and adjusting the structure, the economic growth rate has obviously slowed down. The iron and steel industry has high raw materials, shortage of funds, high financing cost and dull market, which is an unprecedented new situation.
With the intensification of competition in the steel industry, mergers, acquisitions and capital operations between large steel production enterprises are becoming more and more frequent. Excellent domestic iron and steel production enterprises pay more and more attention to the research on the industry market, especially the in-depth study on the development environment of enterprises and the changes of customer demand trends. See Forward-looking Analysis Report on Development Prospect and Investment Strategic Planning of China Iron and Steel Industry for details. Because of this, a large number of excellent domestic steel brands have risen rapidly and gradually become the leader in the steel industry!
In the seven years since the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, the technological achievements of the steel industry are mainly reflected in five aspects:
First, the overall equipment level has been greatly improved and fundamental changes have taken place. 20 1 1 year, according to the key statistics, the blast furnace capacity of iron and steel enterprises 1000 cubic meters or above accounts for about 65%, and there are 33 blast furnaces above 3000 cubic meters; 100 tons and above steelmaking converter capacity accounts for about 63%. Most enterprises have been equipped with hot metal pretreatment and secondary refining facilities, and the refining rate reaches 70%. The rolling system has basically realized full continuous rolling. The large-scale equipment newly built by Baosteel, Angang, WISCO, Shougang, Masteel, Hangang, Taigang, Xingcheng Special Steel, Dongte Dalian Base and other enterprises have reached the international leading level, and the process equipment has realized a modern, efficient and automatic steelmaking production mode.
Second, the variety structure adjustment has achieved results, and the product quality has been significantly improved. China's steel product structure has been further optimized, and the product quality has been continuously improved. The self-sufficiency rate of most steel products has reached 100%. The physical quality of some steel products has reached or approached the advanced physical quality level of foreign countries such as the European Union and Japan, and great progress has been made in the development of key steel products urgently needed by the national economy. High-performance steel products produced by the iron and steel industry, such as high-strength steel plates for buildings, high-strength threaded steel bars for earthquake-resistant buildings, alloy materials for spacecraft, high-performance pipeline steel, steel for large hydropower stations, high-magnetic oriented silicon steel and rails for high-speed railways, have strongly supported the development of related fields and ensured the smooth implementation of major national projects and key national projects such as post-disaster reconstruction in Sichuan, large stadiums, West-to-East gas transmission, Three Gorges Project and Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway.
Third, outstanding achievements have been made in energy conservation and emission reduction, and the environmental quality has been significantly improved. Under the guidance of supporting policies and measures such as "Measures for the Management of Financial Incentive Funds for Energy-saving Technological Transformation" promulgated by the state, iron and steel enterprises have continuously increased their investment in the field of energy conservation and environmental protection, and promoted and applied a number of practical and effective energy conservation and environmental protection technical measures such as the utilization of residual heat and pressure, energy management and control center, dry dust removal and wastewater recycling. 20 1 1 year, the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel in China iron and steel industry is 601.72kg standard coal, which is 92.42kg lower than that in 2005, with a decrease of 13.3%.
Fourth, the ability of independent innovation has been greatly improved. The industry has basically realized the localization of major equipment in major processes such as coking, sintering, ironmaking, steelmaking, continuous casting and steel rolling; It has the comprehensive ability to independently build and operate world-class 10 million-ton steel mills. The independent integrated construction of Bayuquan, Shougang Jingtang and Baosteel Meigang broadband cold tandem mills marks a new milestone in the independent design, manufacturing, engineering construction and mastering the application of new technologies in China's iron and steel industry.
Fifth, the technological innovation system of iron and steel industry has basically taken shape. By 20 1 1, China's key large and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises have 230 scientific and technological institutions, with a total of 45,277 scientific and technological personnel, including 868 doctoral students and 44,665,438 master students. The proportion of highly educated personnel is increasing year by year. China iron and steel industry has built 16 national key laboratories, 5 engineering laboratories, 12 engineering technology centers, 10 engineering research centers, 33 enterprise technology centers and 17 innovative enterprises. The "Industry-University-Research" technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body and the participation of universities, research institutes and downstream users has basically formed, and it has a certain ability to carry out technological innovation independently.
On July 27th, 20 15, China Iron and Steel Industry Association said that the main business losses of iron and steel enterprises in the first half of this year were serious, further expanding to 2 168 billion RMB.
According to the statistics of China Steel Association, in the first half of 20 15, the main business loss of large and medium-sized steel enterprises was 216.8 million yuan, an increase of167.68 million yuan year-on-year; There are 43 loss-making enterprises, accounting for 42.6% of the member enterprises, and the output of loss-making enterprises accounts for 36.8% of the steel output of member enterprises. ① chemical components are represented by international symbols and domestic symbols of chemical elements, and their contents are represented by Arabic letters: China-Russia12crni3a; ; (2) The steel series or numbers are expressed by fixed digits: United States, Japan, 300 series, 400 series and 200 series; (3) with Latin letters and sequence number, only for use.
Numbering rules in China.
① Symbols of using elements ② Usage, hanyu pinyin, open hearth steel: P, boiling steel: F, killed steel: B, grade A steel: A, T8: Te8, GCr 15: ball ◆ Composite steel, spring steel, such as 20CrMnTi 60SiMn, (C content is expressed in parts per ten thousand) ◆ Stainless steel. Such as: 1Cr 18Ni9 thousandth (i.e. 0. 1%C), stainless steel C≤0.08% such as 0Cr 18Ni9, ultra-low carbon C≤0.03% such as 0cr17ni/.
International stainless steel marking method
The American Iron and Steel Association uses three numbers to represent various standard grades of malleable stainless steel. Among them: ① Austenitic stainless steels are marked with 200 and 300 series numbers, such as some common austenitic stainless steels with 20 1, 304, 3 16 and 3 10 series numbers, and ② ferritic and martensitic stainless steels with 400 series numbers. ③ Ferritic stainless steel is marked with 430 and 446, martensitic stainless steel with 4 10, 420 and 440C, dual phase (austenite-ferrite), ④ stainless steel, precipitation hardening stainless steel and high alloy with iron content less than 50% are usually named by patent names or trademarks. Soon after man invented ironmaking, he learned to make steel. Because steel has better physical, chemical and mechanical properties than the original pig iron, it is widely used soon. However, due to the limitation of technical conditions, people's application of steel has been limited by steel output. It was not until the industrial revolution in18th century that the application of steel developed by leaps and bounds. Steel can be cast into stainless steel deodorant soap for sale. Stainless steel deodorant soap is a special steel block made of stainless steel, which will never get smaller. When used, it is just like the use of ordinary soap. This stainless steel deodorant soap comes from Germany, and it can't remove dirt, but it can remove the fishy smell from your hands. Washing with stainless steel deodorizing soap for 30 to 40 seconds can make the fishy smell disappear. But generally speaking, this commercial application does not have much development prospect, because the characteristics of deodorized stainless steel can not last for about half a year. At present, domestic e-commerce companies exaggerate their efficacy. Such products are generally produced in China, but they are often labeled as German technology and profiteering.
Physical steel refers to physical steel that can be shipped, stored and used for manufacturing. The spot available for delivery can be converted into cash on the basis of spot or forward, or the payment can be made in advance, and the buyer can pay in a very short time. Symmetry of steel futures.
In spot trading, the common way is cash on delivery or barter. Spot trading is generally applicable to agricultural and sideline products sales, small wholesale and retail transactions. In China, retail enterprises generally adopt the method of one-handed delivery and one-handed collection, and two-handed delivery; Spot transactions of wholesale enterprises, in addition to cash on delivery, also take the form of bank collection and acceptance for settlement within a time limit. The difference between spot trading and other trading methods lies in:
(1) For the purpose of trading, it is to obtain the ownership of goods.
(2) In terms of trading methods, it is generally conducted through one-on-one negotiation between the two parties, and there is no need to focus on a specific time and place. The English-Chinese Dictionary of Securities Investment by the Commercial Press explains that the steel spot English is: Steelactuals；; Steel spot goods. Also known as: steel. ① Products that have physical properties and can be actually delivered in the process of commodity futures trading, such as steel, gold, soybeans, etc. When trading, the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer on the maturity date of the futures contract. In fact, the futures trading of many deliverable commodities has been closed before the delivery date, and there are few actual spot deliveries. 2 spot English is: spot; Spot commodity. Spot under the concept of commodity. That is, goods that can be delivered immediately are ordinary goods traded in the market. After the transaction is completed, the seller delivers it to the buyer, and the buyer pays the payment. Rather than commodities traded under futures contracts.
Mining → mineral processing → sintering → ironmaking → steelmaking → continuous casting → steel rolling and other steel production processes.
In 2007, the global steel output reached 65.438+345 million tons. Among them, the output of steel and timber in China reached 469 million tons, 489 million tons and 565 million tons respectively. The share of global steel production increased from 15.0% in 2000 to 36.4% in 2007. In 2007, China's steel output exceeded the sum of Japan, the United States, Russia, India, Korea, Germany and Ukraine. In 2008, the steel output of China reached 500 million tons, accounting for 37.3% of the global steel output. According to the latest data from the National Bureau of Statistics, in June 2009, the output of crude steel and pig iron in China reached 5 18 18 and 498.6 million tons respectively, increasing by 12. 1% and 15.66 respectively. Affected by the global economic crisis, it is estimated that the global crude steel output in 2009 is about1.200 million tons, which is about 10% lower than that in 2008. However, China's steel output will continue to grow, and the output of crude steel and pig iron will probably reach new historical records of about 570 million tons and 550 million tons, accounting for more than 48% of the global output.
After entering 2 1 century, the growth rate of steel consumption and production in China has obviously accelerated. According to the data released by the World Iron and Steel Association (IISI), in 2007, the global steel consumption was 65438+208.5 million tons, up 7.4% year-on-year. In 2008, it reached 654.38+27.8 million tons. The global steel consumption growth mainly comes from Brazil, Russia, India and China. The average consumption growth rate reached 12.8% in 2007 and11%in 2008. Among them, China is the world's largest producer, consumer and net exporter of steel, and its consumption reached 435 million tons in 2007, accounting for 36% of the global steel consumption. In 2008, it reached 453 million tons, accounting for 35.5% of the total steel consumption in the world. According to the latest data of China Steel Association, the apparent consumption of crude steel in China from June 5438 to June 5438, 2009 was 472.88 million tons, an increase of 88.39 million tons year-on-year, with an increase of 23.0%. It is estimated that the annual apparent consumption of crude steel will be above 565 million tons. At the same time, the data of the 43rd annual meeting of world steel association held in Beijing in June/October showed that in 2009, due to the global economic crisis, the global steel consumption was11040,000 tons, which was significantly lower than that in 2008. It is predicted that in 20 10, the global apparent consumption of steel will reach120.56 million tons, an increase of 9.2% over 2009, and the crude steel will be13.39 million tons. Among them, the steel consumption in China market will increase by 5%, and the United States is expected to increase by 19%.
The periodic fluctuation of steel price is a comprehensive reflection of the market cycle of steel industry and the result of the chain action of price, benefit, investment, production capacity and supply and demand. Generally speaking, there are several factors that affect the change of steel price: first, production cost, which is the basis of steel price change; Second, the relationship between supply and demand is the key factor affecting the change of steel price; Third, the market system. A defective market system may amplify the imbalance between supply and demand and lead to price fluctuations. Raw material cost
Iron ore is the most important raw material for steel production. The prices and quantities of imported ore and domestic ore purchased by different iron and steel enterprises are different, and the technical and economic indexes of their respective blast furnaces are also different, so the raw material costs of different iron and steel enterprises are quite different.
energy consumption
Coke is an essential reducing agent, fuel and material column skeleton in iron and steel production. At the same time, steel production also consumes a lot of common media such as coking coal, water, electricity, wind, gas and oil. Different iron and steel enterprises buy these public media at different prices and quantities, and their technical and economic indicators are also different, so the cost of energy and public media varies greatly among iron and steel enterprises.
Labor cost
Labor cost is an important cost in steel industry. Although there is a big gap between China's manual labor productivity and that of developed countries, the gap between the cost per working hour (mainly per capita income level) is even bigger. Therefore, the labor cost per ton of steel shipped in China is about one third of that of developed countries and half of the average level of foreign countries. Generally speaking, the labor cost gap between iron and steel enterprises in China is not obvious.
Depreciation and interest
Investment in large-scale equipment is an important feature of iron and steel industry. Globally, except for Japan, iron and steel enterprises in the United States, Europe, South Korea and China generally adopt normal depreciation, while Russian depreciation rate is the slowest. Because the iron and steel industry is a capital-intensive industry, the asset-liability ratio of China iron and steel enterprises is generally above 50%, so the change of national monetary policy will seriously affect the financial expenses of iron and steel enterprises.
The general law of carbon steel can be approximately considered that the higher the carbon content, the greater the hardness, but when it reaches the maximum, the hardness decreases with the increase of carbon content. The hardness of steel material mainly depends on the chemical composition (steel grade) of the material, and the hardness with high carbon content is high; And heat treatment state.
Iron-carbon alloys containing a small amount of alloying elements and impurities in steel can be divided into:
Containing pig iron 2.0 ~ 4.5% c.
Steel-carbon content is 0.05 ~ 2.0%
The content of wrought iron -C is less than 0.05%
The amount of carbon is the main criterion to distinguish steel. The carbon content of pig iron is more than 2.0%; The carbon content of steel is less than 2.0%. Pig iron has high carbon content, is hard and brittle, and has almost no plasticity.
However, it is wrong to explain hardness by carbon content, and hardness is related to internal structure. Such as ferrite \ austenite, cementite, pearlite, etc. If high hardness is needed in practical application, carburizing, quenching or nitriding must be carried out. Because carbon content is only an important factor affecting hardness, not the only absolute factor. It is also related to the internal structure. Diamonds are all carbon and have the highest hardness.
L Round steel, round steel pipe and other rolled products with circular cross sections have different diameters in all directions.
2 The cross-sectional geometry of the rolled product with incorrect shape is skewed and uneven. For example, the six sides of hexagonal angle steel are unequal, the top angle of angle steel is large, and the section steel is twisted.
3 The thickness of steel plate (or steel strip) with uneven thickness is different in different parts, some are thick on both sides and thin in the middle, some are thin on both sides and thick in the middle, and some have head-tail difference exceeding the regulations.
4 The bent rolled piece is not straight in the length or width direction, but curved.
The length direction of the sickle bent steel plate (or steel strip) is bent to one side on the horizontal plane.
6. Curved steel plate (or steel strip) has undulating wave phenomenon in both length and width direction, making it a "ladle shape" or a "boat shape".
7. The twisted strip-shaped rolled piece is twisted into a spiral shape along the longitudinal axis.
8 The materials with non-square, non-square and rectangular cross-sections are not equal on the opposite side or diagonal of the cross-section.
9. Stretching marks (crossed lines) are linear grooves, and the bottom of the grooves can be seen by naked eyes, which are distributed on part or the whole length of steel.
10 cracks are generally linear, sometimes Y-shaped, which is consistent with the drawing direction, but there are other directions, and the opening is generally acute.
Ll double skin (scar) is tongue-shaped or fish-scale upturned piece: one is connected with steel body and is not easy to fall off when folded on the surface; The other is not connected with the steel body, but it is easy to fall off when attached to the surface.
There are obvious folding lines on the surface of 12 folded steel.
13 corrosion surface generated rust color ranging from apricot yellow to black red. There are serious rust spots after rust removal.
14 hairline The hairline on the surface is a hairlike fine line with shallow depth and small width, which generally extends along the rolling direction to form a fine line.
On the cross section of 15 layered steel, there is obvious local separation of metal structure, which is divided into 2 ~ 3 layers in severe cases, and there are inclusions visible to the naked eye between layers.
The surface of 16 bubbles is irregularly distributed in a round convex hull shape, and the outer edge is smooth. Most of them are bulging and some are not, but the surface is shiny after pickling and leveling, and the shear section is layered.
17 pits (pits) have local or continuous rough surfaces, with different shapes and sizes. In severe cases, pits similar to orange peel are larger and deeper than pits.
The surface of 18 oxidized steel plate (or steel strip) appears light yellow, dark brown, light blue, dark blue or bright gray after annealing.
19 roller printing surface has periodic roller printing in strip or sheet shape, and the embossed part is bright without obvious concave-convex feeling.
20 loose steel is not dense. After being eroded by acid, the flake expands into many holes, which can be divided into general holes and central holes according to their distribution.
Uneven distribution of chemical composition and nonmetallic inclusions in 2l segregated steel. According to its manifestations, it can be divided into dendritic, square, point segregation and reverse segregation.
The shrinkage cavity remains in the center of the transverse acid leaching sample, showing irregular holes or cracks. Foreign impurities often remain in holes or cracks.
Non-metallic inclusions have no metallic luster and are grayish white, beige and dark gray, which are residual oxides, sulfides and silicates in steel.
24 Metal Inclusions On the transverse macro-specimen, some metallic luster is obviously different from the metallic salt of the base material.
When observing the microstructure of corrosion after over-firing, decarburization microstructure can often be seen on the matrix metal around the reticular oxide, while other metals, such as copper and its alloys, have copper oxide extending into the sample in a network or point along the grain boundary.
This is an internal fracture of steel. Circular or oval silvery white spots appear on the longitudinal fracture of iron and steel parts, and slender cracks appear on the cross section after polishing and acid etching, sometimes distributed radially, sometimes parallel to the deformation direction or irregularly.
There is a strong metallic luster on the fracture surface of 27 coarse-grained acid leaching samples.
The phenomenon that the surface carbon content of decarbonized steel is lower than the inner carbon content is called decarbonization. Decarburized layer means that the surface of steel is all ferrite due to decarburization; Partial decarbonization refers to the place where the carbon content of steel does not decrease after the total decarbonization layer. (1) National steel production capacity continues to expand1-In May, steel investment in the top five provinces such as Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning and Shanxi accounted for 48% of the national total. Except Shanxi, the investment in the other four provinces maintained a relatively large scale, and Shandong increased by 57%. According to the investigation of Mysteel website, in the first quarter of 20 13, 3/Kloc-0 blast furnaces were under construction or put into operation nationwide, with a total volume of 40,300 cubic meters and a designed production capacity of 38 million tons. (2) The debt ratio of the industry is high, and the risk of capital chain breakage increases1-May. The total assets of large and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises were 4.3 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 4.3%; Total liabilities were 3 trillion yuan, up 6.5% year-on-year; The asset-liability ratio was 69.4%, up by 65,438+0.4 percentage points. Financing difficulty and high financing cost are common problems encountered by iron and steel enterprises. 2065438+June, 2003 19, the State Council executive meeting decided that it is strictly forbidden to provide new credit for illegal construction projects in industries with serious overcapacity. At present, the cash flow of banks is insufficient, the credit scale is tightened, it is more difficult for iron and steel enterprises to obtain bank loans, and the direct financing costs such as short-term financing bills and medium-term bills have risen sharply. National steel enterprises generally reflect the shortage of capital chain, and individual enterprises stop production because of the break of capital chain. (3) The environmental protection pressure of iron and steel enterprises has further increased. Iron and steel industry is one of the key industries for air pollution control. The new emission standard for pollutants in iron and steel industry has greatly tightened the emission limits of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide, and set stricter special emission limits for water and air pollutants in environmentally sensitive areas. A considerable number of iron and steel enterprises can not meet the requirements of the new environmental protection standards, and enterprises still need to increase investment in environmental protection, and the production and operation costs are further increased. Steel mills in some cities are also facing increasingly urgent environmental protection relocation pressure. (D) The contradiction between supply and demand in the steel market has intensified, and enterprises have no intention to reduce the imbalance between supply and demand in the steel industry market. On the one hand, steel prices continue to fall, making it difficult for enterprises to produce and operate, and even losing money; On the other hand, production capacity is released quickly, and enterprises are unwilling to cut production. The reason is that enterprises are mainly worried about losing market share, preventing the risk of bank loan suspension, and weighing marginal benefits under the pressure of local growth. From the perspective of the whole industry, there are almost no enterprises that actively reduce production, and the rising production capacity has led to a continuous downturn in the steel market. (V) 19 The price of iron ore was much lower than that of steel in July. The price index of imported iron ore was 447.09 points, slightly down 2.8% from the beginning of the year. The cost per ton of iron ore is only reduced by RMB in 66 yuan, while the average price per ton of various steels is reduced by RMB 237, including RMB 255 for rebar, RMB 403 for hot-rolled coil and RMB 202 for cold-rolled plate. The price drop of imported ore is much lower than that of steel in the same period, the production cost of enterprises is still at a high level, and the operating efficiency is still difficult to improve.