Spontaneous combustion temperature: above 425℃

Freezing point: -47℃ (-40℃ for spray A)

Open combustion temperature: 260-3 15℃

Maximum combustion temperature: 980℃

Aviation kerosene is a special aviation fuel for jet engines. Also known as jet fuel, it is mainly used as fuel for jet engines. In 1950s, China Air Force planes and large passenger airliners began to use aviation kerosene, but the source was always imported from the former Soviet Union, and the import volume of 1959 was nearly 500,000 tons. In order to solve the problem of domestic production of aviation kerosene, in 1956 and 1957, the Ministry of Petroleum organized Yumen Refinery to try to produce two batches of aviation kerosene from Yumen crude oil according to Soviet jet fuel specifications. However, during ground bench test and air flight test, it was found that there was a flame tube ablation problem and it could not be formally produced. 1958, aviation kerosene samples produced by pilots were sent to the Soviet Union for research. After more than a year of experimental research, the problem has not been solved.

During the period of 1960, China's aviation kerosene imports dropped sharply, and the quality of imported oil products was not guaranteed. In order to ensure the oil demand of the air force and civil aviation, in August of the same year 10, the Ministry of Petroleum issued the Notice on Trial Production of Aviation Kerosene by Various Methods, requiring scientific research and production units to study and tackle the ablation problem of Aviation Kerosene. On August 18, the Aviation Oil Appraisal Committee held a meeting to discuss the trial production of aviation kerosene. At the meeting, it was decided that Lanzhou Refinery, Yumen Refinery, Dushanzi Refinery and No.3 Petroleum Factory would each try to produce a batch of aviation kerosene for ground test. Subsequently, according to the instructions of the State Council's leading comrades, the Institute of Petroleum Science, Fushun Petroleum Research Institute, Dalian and Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Shenyang Institute of Metals. Some scientific research institutes of the Third Machinery Department and the aircraft factory, the General Logistics Department of the People's Liberation Army, relevant units of the Air Force, and more than 20 units of various refineries have jointly tackled key problems. After a lot of laboratory research and ground bench tests, the cause of ablation was finally found, and the problem was solved by using additives recommended by the Institute of Petroleum Science. 196 1 Dushanzi Refinery produced 1 aviation kerosene from Xinjiang crude oil kerosene fraction and anti-ablation additives, and successfully passed the long-term bench test and flight test. 1962 No.7 Petroleum Plant used Daqing crude oil to produce qualified No.2 aviation kerosene on industrial plant. In order to confirm the safety performance of domestic aviation kerosene, the Ministry of Petroleum also sent more than 20 government officials and chief engineers of various refineries to fly nearly 10,000 kilometers by plane using domestic aviation kerosene, which showed that domestic aviation kerosene was of excellent quality, safe and reliable.

Since then, domestic aviation kerosene has been widely used in domestic military and civil aircraft. In order to expand production and meet demand, the Ministry of Petroleum arranges refineries to produce aviation kerosene and takes strict management measures to ensure product quality. During the period of 1965, nearly 700,000 tons of aviation kerosene consumed in China were all made in China, realizing self-sufficiency in aviation kerosene and stopping importing from abroad. Both kinds of aviation kerosene have some additives:

TEL, tetraethyl lead (TEL) improves the flash point of fuel;

Antioxidant, used to prevent sizing, is usually alkaline phenol, such as AO-30, AO-3 1 or AO-37;

Antistatic agent to reduce static electricity and prevent sparks;

The new generation of jet fuel antistatic agent is ashless antistatic agent, mainly including Stadis 450, Antis JF3 and other antistatic agents. One example is Stadis 450, which contains dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (Dinnsa) as an active ingredient;

Corrosion inhibitors, such as DCI-4A and DCI-6A； for civil and military fuels; Military fuel;

Fuel system icing inhibitors (FSII), such as diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, are generally mixed before use, so that aircraft with fuel heating pipes do not need to pay extra for such additives;

Biocide additive.

There is another group of aviation kerosene used by armies all over the world called JP series. Some types are almost the same as civil fuels, but some additives are slightly different: JET A- 1 is similar to JP-8, while JET B is similar to JP-4. Other military fuels are highly specialized products designed for specific purposes. JP-5 fuel is very common and was originally used in aircraft carriers to reduce the risk of fire on board. Other fuels are developed for a certain type of aircraft: JP-6 is specially made for XB-70 Ares Maid Bomber, and JP-7 is the special fuel for SR-7 1 Blackbird reconnaissance plane. Both of them are specially prepared and have high flash points to cope with the high heat and stress encountered by hypersonic aircraft. The special fuel of another single type of aircraft used by the US Air Force is JPTS；; ; Developed in 1956, this fuel is specially designed for Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance plane. Since 1950s, Jet A aviation kerosene has become the standard aviation kerosene type in the United States. At present, only the United States can supply Jet A aviation kerosene. Jet A is similar to Jet A- 1, but its freezing point is -40℃, which is higher than Jet A- 1. Like Jet A- 1, Jet A has a flash point of at least 38℃ and an auto-ignition temperature of over 425℃. The standard fuel code of Jet A is 1863, which will also be indicated in tankers and storage facilities. Oil tankers, oil depots and pipelines dedicated to JET A will be marked with the word "Jet A" on a black sticker, and a black line will be added below for identification. Because water is heavier than Jet A fuel, it will deposit under the fuel tank. Therefore, the fuel tank storing Jet A needs to be drained regularly to check whether the fuel is mixed with water. Water molecules may be suspended in Jet A fuel and can be detected by "clean test". If the fuel is turbid, it means that the water content exceeds the acceptable level of 30ppm (30 parts per million).

American regulations do not require commercial fuel to add antistatic additives, so Jet A fuel generally does not contain antistatic additives.

jet fuel

The fuel used in piston engine aircraft (usually high octane gasoline, commonly known as AvGas in the United States) has a low flash point to improve its ignition characteristics. Turbine engines can use different kinds of fuels, while jet engines usually use fuels with high flash points, which are less flammable and safer to transport and handle. The original jet engine fuel was based on kerosene, or a mixture of kerosene and gasoline was used; Most modern jet engine fuels belong to kerosene fuel.

20 13 the national development and reform commission issued a notice, and decided to increase the price of gasoline and diesel per ton in 90 yuan and 85 yuan respectively according to the current formation mechanism of refined oil prices. It is estimated that the retail price of No.90 gasoline and No.0 diesel (national average) will increase by 0.07 yuan per liter, and the price adjustment time will be at 24: 00 on September 13.

The adjustment range of refined oil price is calculated and determined according to the current formation mechanism of refined oil price and the average price change of crude oil in the international market before September 20 13 10 working days. Since the beginning of September, affected by the turmoil in the Middle East, oil prices in the international market have risen sharply. On September 6th, WTI crude oil futures price rose to 1 10.53 USD per barrel, a record high in more than two years. Brent crude oil futures price rose to 1 16.6438+0 USD per barrel, a six-month high. Later, although the oil price in the international market declined, the average price of 10 working day still rose slightly compared with the previous cycle.

The notice requires that PetroChina, Sinopec and CNOOC should organize the production and transportation of refined oil to ensure a stable supply of refined oil market. Price departments at all levels should strengthen market supervision and inspection, severely investigate and punish acts that do not implement national price policies, and maintain normal market order.