Peanuts are the main raw material for the oil processing industry and food processing industry. They are one of the few characteristic export agricultural products in my country that have comparative advantages and international market competitiveness. In 2008, my country's peanut planting area exceeded 70 million acres, with an output of 15 million tons, of which 510,000 tons were exported, worth US$770 million. At present, my country's peanuts are sold in more than 120 countries and regions around the world, with the main markets being Europe, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Japan. 1． Production situation Peanuts are protein plants with high nutritional value. In the early 1990s, Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries launched a dietary trend of eating peanuts and other nut foods. The consumption of peanuts and their products has increased year by year, so the demand has continued to increase. , production and supply will inevitably continue to increase. From a global perspective, peanut production generally shows an upward trend. In the past 10 years (1996-2005), the world's total peanut production increased from 31.25 million tons to 37.45 million tons, an increase of 19.8%. Currently, India, China and Nigeria are the world's three largest peanut producers, maintaining their leading position in terms of planting area and total output. In 2005, India's peanut planting area ranked first in the world, with approximately 6.6 million hectares and a total output of 5.9 million tons; China's planting area was 4.87 million hectares. , with a total output of 14.4 million tons: Nigeria’s planting area is 2.88 million hmz, with a total output of 2.9 million tons. China's total peanut production has maintained its No. 1 position in the world since it surpassed India in the mid-1990s. Over the past five years, its average output has accounted for 40% of the world's total peanut production. In addition, the United States and Argentina, as traditional peanut-producing countries, have experienced significant growth in total peanut production. The United States accounts for approximately 5% of the world's total production, and Argentina accounts for approximately 1.5%. 2. Trade situation: In the past 10 years, the world peanut trade volume has increased from US$1.705 billion to US$2.00 billion, an increase of 17.3%, which is similar to the growth rate of total output. In the world market, China, the United States, Argentina, and India are the major peanut exporters. Currently, the peanut exports of four countries account for more than 60% of the world's peanut exports, of which China accounts for more than 30%, the United States and Argentina each account for about 10%, and India is close to 10%. Therefore, this article mainly conducts a comparative analysis of the international market share, revealed comparative advantage index, trade competitiveness index and export price level of peanuts in these four countries, in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the international competitiveness of China's peanuts and its changing trends. understanding, and explore countermeasures to improve the international competitiveness of China’s peanuts and the benefits of exporting foreign exchange. 2. Comparison of the international competitiveness of the peanut industry in major exporting countries 1. International market share analysis International market share refers to the percentage of a country's exports of a certain type of product to the world's exports of that type of product. It represents the "market power sphere" of a country's product in international market competition. The higher the international market share, the stronger the international competitiveness, and vice versa. It is expressed as: MSi=Xi/Xw In the formula, MSi is the international market share of country i’s peanut products; Xi is the export volume of country i’s peanut products; Xw is the total export volume of peanut products in the world. It can be seen from Figure 1 that, except for the special year 1996, China's peanut international market share has generally been on an upward trend and has stabilized at a level of more than 30% since 2001. Further research found that since the 1990s, due to the severe reduction in peanut production in the United States in 1991, China happened to have good weather, so China's peanut international market share reached 35.05% that year. From 1992 to 2000, except for 1997, it dropped to 17 ．Except for 83%, they are basically between 20% and 30%. The international market share of American peanuts has declined amid fluctuations, and has been slightly above 10% in recent years. Except for exceeding 20% ??in 1998, Argentina's peanut international market share has fluctuated between 10% and 15% in most years. In recent years, it has been on par with the United States, and surpassed the United States for the first time in 2005. The international market share of Indian peanuts is between 5% and 10% in most years, except for a few years. It is not difficult to see that China’s peanut international market share has a greater advantage than that of several other countries, and it has always ranked first in the world. 2. Revealed comparative advantage index Revealed comparative advantage index (RCA) refers to the ratio of a country's share of a country's exports of a certain commodity in its total exports to the world's share of the world's exports of such commodities in the world's total exports. This indicator reflects the relative advantages of a country's exports of a certain product and the world's average export level. It eliminates the impact of fluctuations in the national total and the world's total, and better reflects the relative advantages of the product or industry. Therefore, it is One of the most convincing indicators to measure the international competitiveness of a country's products or industries. Expressed by the formula: RCAi=(Xi/Xit)/(Xw/Xwt) Among them, RCAi is the revealed comparative advantage index of country i’s peanut; Xi is the peanut export volume of country i; Xit is the total export of all commodities of country i; Xw is World peanut exports; Xwt is the world’s total exports of all commodities. If RCAi>1, it means that country i's peanuts have a comparative advantage; if RCAi<1, it means that country i's peanuts have no comparative advantage; if RCAi=1, it means that country i's peanuts have neither a comparative advantage nor a comparative disadvantage. The revealed comparative advantage index of the world’s major peanut exporting countries is shown in Table 2.

As can be seen from Table 2, the peanuts of the four major exporting countries all show comparative advantages. In comparison, although the RCA of Argentine peanuts fluctuates greatly, it is around 30 in most years, ranking first, and has a strong comparative advantage. However, it has been on a downward trend since 1998, from 43.17 to 25.56, and only increased in 2005. The RCA of Indian peanuts also fluctuates greatly. In most years, it is around 10, ranking second. The RCA of Chinese peanuts is slightly lower, between 5 and 7, with little fluctuation, but has declined in recent years, indicating that the comparative advantage of Chinese peanuts in the international market is on the decline. The RCA of American peanuts is the lowest and has not changed much in the past 10 years, basically remaining between 1.0 and 1.5, indicating that the comparative advantage of American peanuts is relatively weak. 3. Trade competitiveness index Trade competitiveness index (TC) refers to the ratio of a country’s net exports of a certain type of product to the total trade volume of that type of product. This indicator eliminates the impact of fluctuations in macroeconomic aggregates such as inflation and economic expansion, so it is comparable between different periods and countries. It is expressed as: TC=(Xi-Mi)/(Xi+Mi) Among them, TC is the trade competitiveness index; Xi is the total export of peanut products of country i; Mi is the total import of peanut products of country i. The value range of TC index is -1~1. It is generally believed that when 0.8≦TC

Since the price of Argentine peanuts is close to that of China, it is in direct competition with the European Union, the largest market for Chinese peanut exports. 3. Countermeasures to improve the international competitiveness of China’s peanuts and the benefits of exporting foreign exchange. Through the analysis and comparison of international market share, trade competition index, revealed comparative advantage index and export price, it can be found that China’s peanuts have strong competitiveness in the international market. , the ability and potential to develop markets are greater. In order to further improve the international competitiveness of China's peanuts, expand the scale of China's peanut exports, and improve export efficiency, we propose the following countermeasures based on the current situation of China's peanut trade development: 1. Optimize the structure of peanut varieties and strictly control pesticide residues and aflatoxin contamination (1) Optimize the structure of peanut varieties. Peanut varieties have an important impact on its international competitiveness and export benefits. For example, in the Japanese market, low-fat peanut No. 1 produced in Japan is priced at RMB 58 per kilogram, while Luhua 17 and Luhua No. 4 exported from China are sold for only RMB 8 per kilogram. An important factor that has long affected the international competitiveness of China's peanuts is quality. Compared with the United States and Argentina, there is a certain gap in the quality of China's exported peanuts. One of the reasons is that there are few high-quality peanut varieties suitable for export, and they are seriously degraded and mixed. The selection and promotion of new varieties are relatively backward. At present, China has not developed specialization in peanut varieties for oil use, edible use, processing, and export. Although the agricultural technology department has selected and bred some new varieties in recent years, there are only a few varieties that have been truly promoted in production and have a certain scale of export. The intrinsic quality of exported peanuts is not high, which affects international competitiveness and export efficiency. To this end, we should learn from the breeding experience of developed countries and accelerate the selection and promotion of new high-quality peanut varieties with strong market competitiveness such as oil-extracting types, edible processing types, and nutrition and health-care types, so as to transform peanut production from a yield-based one to a commodity-based one with benefits. type transformation. (2) Strictly control pollution problems such as pesticide residues and aflatoxin. This is another important factor affecting the international competitiveness of China's peanuts. At present, Chinese peanuts are mainly facing the problem of excessive aflatoxin and pesticide residues in the markets of developed countries such as the European Union and Japan. For example, before Japan implemented the positive list system, it only tested aflatoxin and butyric hydrazide. After the implementation of the positive list system, the number of testing items increased to 285, and all pesticide residues were limited to 0.01mg/kg. The problem of pesticide residues mainly arises in the production process, while aflatoxin involves the entire process of production, storage, transportation, processing and export. Since peanut production in China is basically based on decentralized production by farmers, relevant government departments, enterprises, and farmers must work together to deal with it. 2. Adjust the structure of peanut exports and vigorously develop the peanut processing industry. Compared with developed countries, China's peanut processing industry lags far behind. China's largest peanut company, Tianshen Group, is 10 times more efficient than most peanut processing companies in the country, but it is not as efficient as American companies. The gap is quite large. China's peanut exports are mainly primary products such as peanut fruits and peanut kernels, accounting for about 60% of total exports. There are few processed products and even fewer high-value-added peanut products are exported. The trade obstacles faced by peanut products such as peanut oil and peanut butter when exported are much smaller. The export performance of peanut oil manufacturers in recent years shows that processing peanuts into peanut oil and then exporting them not only successfully solves the problem of export obstruction, but also It can also significantly increase the added value of the product. Therefore, we should increase investment, change the past simple peanut processing model, strongly encourage (with preferential treatment in credit, tax, etc.) the development of peanut deep processing projects, lengthen the industrial chain, increase the added value of products, and improve the ability to earn foreign exchange through exports. Encourage and guide peanut processing and export enterprises to actively introduce foreign advanced equipment and production techniques, increase technological innovation and product development, develop new products that meet the needs of the international market, improve the processing depth and product grade of exported peanut products, and enhance the competitiveness of the international market . 3. Vigorously develop industry associations and standardize the order of competition. Currently, there are many peanut export companies in China. In order to expand exports, various companies lower prices for each other, resulting in a decline in peanut export prices. Farmers, processing companies, and the country have not obtained full benefits from peanut exports. As the scale of China's peanut exports expands, the number of companies engaged in peanut exports continues to increase. In 2005, the number of Chinese companies with peanut export performance reached 876, an increase of 9.1% over 2004. The number of companies operating peanuts has increased significantly, which has greatly reduced the market share of a single company and also caused disorderly competition. Tianshen Group's annual turnover exceeds 1 billion yuan, but its market share in China is only 1%, while American Golden Peanut Company's market share in the United States is 20%. The expansion in the number of peanut export companies has intensified the intensity of competition. In order to survive, some companies rush to buy domestic supplies at high prices regardless of quality and compete for export at low prices. In response to unfair competition among enterprises, major peanut producing areas should establish peanut industry associations as soon as possible, set minimum export prices, strengthen supervision, effectively strengthen guidance and restraint on the industry, implement industry self-discipline, and seriously investigate and punish disorderly competing enterprises. Avoid vicious competition; establish a sound consultation and negotiation system to ensure that we can export more and earn more foreign exchange. What is gratifying is that since 2003, under the coordination of the Peanut Branch of the China Chamber of Commerce for Exporters of Soil and Livestock Products, China’s peanut export prices have steadily rebounded. In 2003 and 2004, China's peanut kernel export prices increased by 29.5% and 13.9% respectively over the previous year, but fell slightly in 2005.

According to statistics from the Ministry of Commerce, the average export price of China's peanut kernels in 2006 increased by 6.8% compared with 2005, reaching an average of US$751.9 per ton, the highest level in the past 10 years. Only by establishing a peanut industry association as soon as possible and effectively playing its role can the comparative advantages of China's peanut industry be transformed into competitive advantages in the international market as much as possible and the economic benefits of China's peanut exports can be improved.

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