Smart city is to use information and communication technology to sense, analyze and integrate key information of the core system of urban operation, so as to control people's livelihood, environmental protection, public security, urban services, industrial and commercial activities. Make intelligent responses to various needs, including Its essence is to use advanced information technology to realize smart management and operation of cities, thereby creating a better life for people in the city and promoting the harmonious and sustainable growth of the city.
According to the source of “wisdom”, smart cities can be divided into two categories.
The first category is the large-scale installation of digital equipment in cities
Including monitoring equipment, digital transportation facilities and signs, real-time communication equipment, etc. By collecting, integrating and analyzing these data streams, real-time monitoring and management of city operations can be carried out, and these analytical information can also be sent to urban residents’ mobile devices (such as computers, mobile phones, GPS devices, etc.) in real time, providing the city with Provide more convenient information on residents' daily activities. Through storage and further analysis, these real-time data can be used to describe, simulate and predict urban operating characteristics and future development, thereby providing a reference for the further development of smart cities. Not only that, the large-scale application and development of digital technology can also stimulate the development of related local industries, especially the development of regional services and knowledge-based economies.
The other type is to develop a knowledge-based economy in a certain area
From this perspective, a smart city is an economy driven by reform, innovation and enterprise led by smart people. body. In this system, information and communication technologies (ICT) are the driving force behind innovative concepts and designs in this regional development platform. However, as far as information and communication technology is concerned, simply being embedded in the urban system cannot transform the city into a smart city. It needs to be combined with human and social resources and a more relaxed and open economy to promote the intelligent development of the city. The concept of smart city was initially positioned from the perspective of technology and technology-based management. However, as the concept of smart city continues to improve, social capital, education, economy and other aspects are becoming more and more closely related to the concept of comprehensive smart city.
The development of current network infrastructure provides a foundation for urban technological innovation, which also promotes the economic, cultural and environmental development of regional cities.
Smart city development under the guidance of big data
Big data should play a role in smart cities in four aspects: scientific planning, through data support, public participation, social supervision and objectivity Evaluate the application of big data in these four processes to provide a more reasonable basis for all aspects of city planning; real-time monitoring, digital, networked and intelligent development can ensure that any operating level of the city is controlled by the radio ; Precision governance, including accurate information, smart solutions, rapid impact and performance appraisal; Efficient services, providing convenient, accurate and fast services to citizens.
Characteristics of big data in smart cities
(1) Data volume
The amount of data in the concept of big data refers to a large amount of data collected from various data sources. Any type of data generated. Under the framework of smart cities, multimedia/social media and other types of networks are experiencing geometric growth in data generation.
Even modern industrial products, such as cars, trains, power stations, etc., are equipped with an increasing number of sensors as their level of intelligence increases, and these sensors continue to collect an increasing amount of data. The growing amount of data brings new challenges to data collection and data analysis.
(2) Data speed
Speed ??in the concept of big data refers to the speed of data generation and transmission. Under the smart city framework, due to the continuous increase in data volume and data sources and the continuous changes in data types, the content of data is also in a state of continuous change. For a certain data storage, the speed at which data is generated and transmitted determines the speed at which data content changes. Data users prefer faster data generation and transmission speeds to be able to understand the real-time information they care about. From this point of view, the speed characteristics of big data place higher requirements on data processing methods and computing algorithms.
(3) Data diversity
Data diversity in the concept of big data refers to the diversity of data types, such as video data, audio data, image data, text data and Data logs, etc. The diversity of data types is inseparable from the diversity of data sources, such as mobile phones, video recorders, sensors, social platforms, etc. Compared with traditional structured data (such as financial data, futures trading records, personnel information, etc.), under the smart city framework, the data in the big data concept includes a large amount of complex unstructured data, and there is no fixed data. Format. Similar to data speed, the diversity characteristics of big data also promote the further development and optimization of data processing methods and computing algorithms.
(4) Data value
The value of data in the concept of big data refers to the valuable information contained in big data, which can provide useful reference for corresponding decisions. The realization of data value requires big data analysis, that is, the process of extracting valuable data information from big data.
Within the framework of smart cities, data value assessment is the most important feature of all big data-based applications, precisely because data value assessment can generate the information needed by data users.
(5) Data accuracy
Data accuracy in the concept of big data refers to the completeness and accuracy of the information contained in big data. Data accuracy is a description of the quality and trustworthiness of big data. Central to any information management practice are data quality, data governance, metadata management, and requirements for data confidentiality and legality. Accurate raw data facilitates the analysis and discovery of accurate data information, thereby providing a more accurate reference for corresponding decision-making.
In the big data framework, due to the diversity of data types, only collected and stored data cannot be used for efficient and accurate data analysis. Moreover, large-scale data analysis relies on high-speed automatic operations of computer algorithms. Therefore, data integration becomes a necessary step in big data analysis. Data integration is to integrate the differences of different types of data into a comprehensive database based on research needs. The integrated database should have the following characteristics: the differences in data structure and expression forms existing in the original data should be retained in the integrated database, and these differences can be used for computer algorithm reading and high-speed analysis of big data analysis, so as to Ensure the algorithmic solvability of the integrated data.
In addition, under the concept of big data, even when analyzing a single data, reasonable data integration and database design are very necessary. The specific details of database design are determined by the research content and the particularity of the research method. For specific research content or methods, certain data integration methods often have more advantages than other methods. Therefore, the modifiability of the database needs to be considered when designing the database so that the database can be modified accordingly when used in other research, thus enhancing its practicality.
Practical experience in smart cities and big data
From the perspective of national policies, the overall technical system architecture of China’s planned smart city project was proposed with the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the first phase of the planned smart city project. The smart city technology framework has six horizontal and two vertical layers. The lowest layer of the six horizontal layers is the city's perception layer, then the transmission layer, and above that are the processing layer, support service layer, application service layer, and the top layer. The smart application layer runs through the overall security system, standards and evaluations. To truly realize smart cities, big data technology must be introduced, which mainly includes the following three major aspects of technology:
1. Big data fusion technology
One of the major challenges facing the construction of smart cities in my country is that urban systems cannot be effectively integrated to form information islands due to standard issues. Therefore, in the field of big data fusion, on the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the modeling and modeling of massive heterogeneous data. Integration, massive heterogeneous data column storage and indexing and other key technology research and development provide standards and technical guarantees for the information sharing of underlying data integration.
2. Big data processing technology
In the process of large-scale data flowing in the smart city system, due to factors such as transmission efficiency, data quality and security, large-scale data need to be processed Preprocessing and big data processing technology often need to be combined with parallel distributed technology based on cloud computing, which is also a technical solution commonly used in the international industry.
3. Big data analysis and mining technology
Compared with big data fusion and processing technology, big data analysis and mining technology is more complex and is a challenge faced by the international academic community and industry. extremely challenging technical problems.
Typical cases of smart cities at home and abroad
United States: Dubuque has beautiful scenery and the Mississippi River runs through the city. It is one of the most livable cities in the United States. With the goal of building a smart city, Dubuque plans to use Internet of Things technology to digitize and connect all the city's resources (including water, electricity, oil, gas, transportation, public services, etc.) to monitor, analyze and integrate All kinds of data can intelligently respond to citizens' needs and reduce the city's energy consumption and costs, making Dubuque more suitable for residential and commercial development.
Spain: The sensor project allows smart city construction to be fully based on practice. According to Mariano Lamarca, head of the sensor project at the Barcelona Institute of Communications, smart city is one of the most important projects in Barcelona at present. The original old industrial area of ??Barcelona's textile industry is now the most important test site for this project.
The European Union: It has proposed and begun to implement a series of smart city construction goals. The EU's evaluation standards for smart cities include six aspects: smart economy, smart environment, smart governance, smart mobility, smart living and smart people
South Korea: Pushing forward the intelligentization of government administrative services, South Korea is using Based on the Internet, we will create an ecological and smart city that is green, digital, and seamlessly mobile connected.
Beijing, China: Beijing’s smart city construction is guided by the strategic guidance of “Humanistic Beijing, Scientific and Technological Beijing, and Green Beijing”, combined with the city’s positioning of “a national capital, an international city, a famous cultural city, and a livable city”. In the construction of smart cities, we should give full play to the advantages of modern technology and establish a people-oriented management concept. Beijing’s smart city construction is comprehensive and systematic.
Smart city is the next stage of urbanization process, a new height of urban informatization, and the vision of modern urban development. Wireless city, digital city, safe city and sensory city are necessary conditions for smart city. ; Integrity city, green city, healthy city and humanistic city are what a smart city should mean; smart cities generate big data, and big data in turn supports smart cities. The combination of smart cities and big data will definitely have a bright future.