This paper discusses the important role of land and resources reserve in maintaining national security. Divide the land and resources reserve into two categories: resources and products, and analyze the focus of the two categories of reserve subjects; Explain the present situation and problems of China's land resources reserve, energy reserve and mineral resources reserve; It is suggested to strengthen organizational leadership, open up new channels for resource supply and increase strategic product reserves.
Keywords national security; Land and resources reserve
Land and resources reserve is a national security issue. National security means no danger or threat to the country. National security concept is a comprehensive security concept, including economic security, military security, political security, cultural security and information security. Under the general trend of global economic integration, economy and science and technology are the core contents of national security; Military security is the cornerstone of national security; Political security is the focus of national security; Information security is the focus of national security. The stability and development of the national economy are mainly restricted and threatened by factors such as resource endowment, economic fluctuation and war, mainly focusing on the effective supply of resources, avoiding commodity shortage and economic crisis, and avoiding attacks and blockades by hostile countries. This paper discusses the role of land resources in safeguarding national security from the perspective of land resources reserve.
1 Types and implementers of land and resources reserves
Types of land and resources reserve. Natural resources are the material basis of human existence. According to the occurrence state of resources in nature, they are usually divided into land resources, mineral resources, water resources, atmospheric resources, biological resources and marine resources. Here, land resources reserve mainly refers to the reserves of non-renewable mineral resources, energy resources, renewable land resources and related products. The first function of land and resources reserve is to ensure supply, that is, to ensure the emergency supply of major strategic resources for a period of time, so that all important departments of the national economy, especially national defense, can operate normally. The second is to stabilize the market supply price and maintain social stability. In 2000, the United States used strategic oil reserves. Although it was suspected of canvassing votes, it actually played an important role in stabilizing soaring oil prices and ensuring the quality of life and social stability of the general public. The deterrent effect of reserve resources can not be ignored. In case of emergency, the state can make timely use of strategic reserve resources, reduce and limit the impact of the supply crisis, and win the time needed to solve the crisis and a series of other problems.
There are two types of resource reserves. First, products that can directly enter the social circulation and production fields-mineral products, coal, oil, grain reserves, etc. The second is the proven mineral resources, energy resources and land resources reserves. Such as occurrence location, grade and mining conditions. Generally speaking, the product reserve is mainly composed of three parts, namely, the government's strategic reserve; Inventory reserves of manufacturing enterprises and inventory reserves owned by sellers and consumers. Resource reserve can be divided into strategic reserve and basic reserve; Exploration base and proven resource reserves.
The main body of product reserve is undoubtedly the government and enterprises, and it will be effective to solve it by administrative and economic means; Since resources are owned by the state, the reserve of resources at all levels should be mainly the responsibility of the government, and the role of enterprises is not significant. Japan and the United States take different approaches to product reserve costs. The United States mainly purchases through the government; Japan mainly adopts the policy of supporting private enterprise reserves. The main measures taken by Japan are: ① providing low-interest loans for private companies to purchase product reserves; (two) to provide low-interest loans for reserve facilities construction projects; ③ Give enterprises considerable autonomy in production and sales.
2 the status and problems of land and resources reserve
Foreign land and resources reserve started earlier, especially after the two oil crises in 1970s, western oil consuming countries began to establish their own strategic oil reserves. By the end of March 1992, the strategic oil reserve of OECD was 406.4 million tons, which could be consumed for 93 days. Among them, the United States reserves 2010.7 million tons, which can be consumed for 94 days; Japan reserves 80 million tons, which can be consumed 1 1 1 day; Sweden's 5.4 million tons can be consumed 107 days; In addition, France still has 42.3 million tons of reserves, which can be consumed 1 16 days. This huge oil reserve is about 1/6 of the world's total annual oil consumption, 1/4 of OECD consumption or1/2 of imports [4]. Not only that, some economically developed countries also reserve a large number of mining bases. For example, from 19 12 to the mid-1920s, the United States passed legislation in Congress to designate four vast areas and three large shale deposits with rich oil and gas reserves in China as "naval oil reserves", stipulating that in case of war emergency, only Xu Haijun could be exploited with the approval of Congress. So far, the mineral deposits in these areas are still under the strict control of the United States.
China's land and resources reserve, the products have experienced a large-scale reserve of "preparing for war, preparing for famine and serving the people"; In the resource reserve, there have been oil wars and bloody wars to get rid of the "poor oil hat" and "prevent imperialist blockade", and there have also been absurd acts of large mines and small mines plundering mineral resources, overgrazing and excessive reclamation to get rid of poverty and become rich. One of the reasons for these practices is the lack of understanding of the importance of resource reserves. In recent years, China has raised its awareness of the importance of land and resources reserve. At the end of 2000, the Ministry of Land and Resources announced that "China will strive to increase the utilization rate of mineral resources by five percentage points in the next five years, make new progress in foreign cooperation in mineral resources, and initially establish a strategic reserve of mineral resources and a safe supply system for oil." The following analysis and study of China's strategic land resources and product reserves and existing problems.
(1) The land resource reserve is worrying. At present, China's per capita arable land area is only 0. 106 hectare, which is 43% of the world average. Moreover, the quality is not high. Low-and medium-yield farmland accounts for 79% of the cultivated land area, only 40% has water source protection and irrigation facilities, and many of them are cultivated land with a slope greater than 25, with poor soil quality [1]. According to the survey of land use status, the unused land area in China is 259.96 million hectares. Among the unused land, 72.63 million hectares are available land (including reeds, beaches, grasslands, saline-alkali land and marshes), and187.33 million hectares are hard to use land (glaciers and permanent snow, sandy land, bare rocks, gravel land and fields). The available reserve land is considerable, but these reserve wasteland suitable for agriculture are mainly distributed in the northwest and northeast regions, and there are many restrictive factors for development and utilization [1]. In addition, according to statistics in recent years, the amount of available land destroyed and occupied in China is about 6.5438+0.5 million hectares every year. Among them, the construction land has increased by about 200,000 hectares annually; The area of soil erosion increases by 654.38 million hectares every year; The desertification area increases by 246,000 hectares every year; Natural disasters destroy more than 654.38 million hectares of cultivated land every year. According to the Outline of National Land Use Master Plan approved by the State Council (1997 ~ 20 10), the average annual increase of cultivated land for land consolidation and unused land development is only 340,000 hectares. Compared with the increase of development and consolidation, the trend of decreasing cultivated land year by year is irreversible. By the year of 20 10, it is difficult to achieve the national cultivated land reserve of not less than 65438+28 million hectares.
Grain reserves include national grain reserves, productive grain reserves and farmers' grain reserves. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations believes that the world food security reserve should at least reach 17% ~ 18% of the world total consumption, including 6% of the reserve stock and11%~/2% of the turnover stock, and points out that a country's food reserve should be satisfied for three to four months. According to this calculation, China's grain security reserve should be around 90 billion kilograms. Considering China's grain production, grain consumption, grain circulation and financial affordability, it is more appropriate to control the grain reserve at around120 billion kg [5].
(2) The pressure on energy reserves is high. Generally speaking, China's energy reserves are structurally insufficient, coal resources are abundant and oil resources are insufficient. It is difficult to meet the needs of the rapid development of national economy and the adjustment of energy consumption structure. Coal resources are very rich, and the proven reserves exceed 1 100 billion tons, accounting for about 1/6 of the world's proven reserves, which can meet the long-term needs of the country. However, the regional distribution is uneven, and 89% of the proven resources are concentrated in the north; The exploration degree is not high, and more than 45% of the proven reserves need further detailed investigation before well construction and development.
Oil and natural gas resources are also abundant. It is predicted that the petroleum geological resources in China will reach105.8 billion tons. The prospective natural gas reserves exceed 40 trillion cubic meters. At present, the accumulated proven oil reserves1900 million tons, natural gas10.7 trillion cubic meters, and the remaining recoverable reserves are about 2.3 billion tons of oil and 700 million cubic meters of natural gas respectively [2]. China has not yet established an oil reserve system, and the existing crude oil and refined oil storage tanks are mostly supporting facilities for production and circulation, so it is difficult to play the reserve function. On June 28th, 20001year, the State Economic and Trade Commission announced that the national petroleum reserve base would be built in batches, so that the reserve capacity in 2005 would reach 8 million tons and 200654380+05 million tons. At present, the capacity of crude oil storage tanks in petrochemical enterprises is 210.07 million cubic meters, all of which are used for production turnover. The comprehensive storage days of the whole system are only 2 1.6 days, all of which are production turnover inventory, and there is no strategic reserve inventory. Long-distance oil pipeline transportation design only considers the storage capacity of 2-5 days, and railway transportation only considers the storage capacity of 15-25 days.
(3) Mixed mineral reserves. First, it is rich in resources, with large reserves, leading the world in resource reserves and per capita possession, with obvious advantages, such as metals such as tungsten, tin, antimony, molybdenum, mercury, vanadium, titanium and rare earth, as well as more than 20 kinds of non-metallic minerals such as graphite, talc, fluorite, magnesite, barite, marble, granite and glass silicon. This mineral can be self-sufficient to meet the needs of the national economy, and can also be partially exported. However, the remaining recoverable reserves are limited, most of which are less than 10 years. The other is that there is a certain resource reserve, but it cannot fully meet the needs of national economic development, and it must be made up by imports. Such as iron, copper, lead, zinc, phosphorus, kaolin and other minerals widely used in national production; Resources and products are short of minerals such as chromium, cobalt, platinum group metals, diamonds, potassium salts, high-quality kaolin, trona, boron and high-grade gems [2].
3. Suggestions on strengthening land and resources reserve
(1) Land and Resources Reserve Administration was established. This institution belongs to the National Bureau managed by the Ministry of Land and Resources and operates independently. Its main function is to manage and coordinate the national resource reserve work in a unified way. According to the authorization of the State Council, the agency specifically studied China's resource reserve policies and formulated a national resource reserve plan; Macro-control and guidance on the national resource reserve; According to the reports and suggestions of resources or products put forward by relevant departments, determine the reserve scale and target of various resources.
(2) Develop strategic channels for resource supply. Resource reserve is related to national security. On the one hand, it is necessary to increase the investment in land and resources investigation and evaluation, and increase the reserves of recoverable reserves based on domestic conditions. It is also an important strategic measure to encourage enterprises to "go out" to explore foreign superior resources, participate in foreign resource development and share resource benefits. If the Sino-Russian natural gas pipeline is established to transport Russian oil and natural gas to East Asia and other parts of the world through joint exploitation, China and Russia will gain huge economic benefits and strengthen the political and economic ties between the two countries, from moral peace to equal and mutually beneficial interest distribution and interdependent "strategic interest partnership" between the two countries. Furthermore, the export pipeline connects Russia, China, South Korea and Japan, which promotes the integration of energy and economy in East Asia and reduces the danger of regional wars.
(3) Adjust foreign exchange reserves and increase strategic product reserves. In order to guard against financial risks, China has established foreign exchange reserves of more than $654.38+04 billion, which has played a mainstay role in resisting international financial turmoil and stabilizing the domestic economy. In the event of an international dispute, having foreign exchange may not be able to buy products that meet domestic production needs; Even if the market supply is tight caused by other factors, once the price fluctuates, it will cause great losses to China's bulk imported products. In recent years, the international market can't import in large quantities when the oil price is low, and it has to import in large quantities when the oil price is high, which is a proof. At present, China's international trade surplus is relatively large. Using part of foreign exchange as margin and futures trading can supply products with relatively stable prices without increasing inventory. In other words, it is more prudent to buy finished or semi-finished products directly with foreign exchange and store them in China.
refer to
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[2] Shou Jiahua. Land resources and sustainable economic and social development [M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 200 1.
[3] Tian Wen. China's Choice in the World Economic Crisis [J]. Strategy and Management, 1999( 1).
[4] Mahone, Sun Zhu. Political thinking on the establishment of China's national strategic petroleum reserve [J]. Strategy and management, 1997( 1).
[5] Chen Shimin. Study on food security in China. Beijing Food Network.