1. What are the ways of export trade?
(a) the mode of trade refers to various methods used in international trade. With the development of international trade, the ways of trade are increasingly diversified. In addition to selling one by one, there are underwriting, agency, consignment, auction, bidding, futures trading, counter sales trade and so on.
Underwriting is one of the common ways in international trade. In China's export business, according to the characteristics of some commodities and the needs of expanding exports, we can choose the right customers in the right market or take the form of underwriting. Underwriting refers to the trade behavior that the exporter (principal) grants the management right of a commodity or a certain type of commodity to foreign customers or companies in a certain region and within a certain period of time through agreement. Although underwriting is also fixed, underwriting is different from the usual unilateral export. In addition to the sales contract signed by both parties, an exclusive sales agreement must be signed in advance. Through underwriting, the rights and obligations of the buyer and the seller are determined by the underwriting agreement. The sales contract signed by both parties must also conform to the provisions of the exclusive sales agreement.
2. Agency means that an agent, according to my authorization, enters into a contract with a third party or carries out other legal acts on my behalf. The rights and obligations arising from this are directly effective for me.
In international trade, commercial agency refers to a trade mode in which consignors or manufacturers (consignors) entrust designated goods to foreign customers for consignment within a specified region and time limit.
3. Consignment is a trading method that exporters entrust foreign affiliated companies to buy and sell spot from users. As the consignor, the exporter will first ship the goods to be sold abroad and entrust the local seller to sell them in the local market according to the conditions stipulated in the consignment agreement. After the goods are sold, the distributor will pay the consignment money after deducting the commission and other expenses.
In the case of consignment, the exporter should choose a consignment agent in the consignment area, sign a consignment agreement, and then the consignment agent will transport the goods to the consignment area for spot sales.
Consignment is a kind of spot trading method that ships first and then sells. Generally, international trade is a one-off transaction, and the buyer often knows something about the exporter's products. The transaction is carried out in batches and the delivery time is long. Consignment allows goods to meet users directly in the market. Buy at will according to the required quantity, and now buy in stock, which can seize the sales opportunity. Therefore, it is an effective way to open up new markets, especially consumer goods markets. Exporters bear certain risks and expenses.
4. Bidding refers to the behavior that the tenderer issues a tender notice or tender sheet at a specified time and place, puts forward the variety and quantity of the goods to be purchased and related trading conditions, and invites the seller to bid.
Bidding refers to the behavior of bidders to submit bidding documents to the tenderer within the specified time at the invitation of the tenderer in accordance with the conditions specified in the tender announcement or tender sheet. In fact, bidding and tendering are two aspects of a trade mode.
Most of the materials purchased by the government adopt competitive public bidding.
5. Auction is a spot transaction method in which the exclusive auction house accepts the entrustment of the owner, bids in public at a certain place and time according to the established articles of association and rules, and finally the auctioneer gives the goods to the highest bidder.
Most of the commodities traded by auction are commodities whose quality is easy to standardize, or which are difficult to survive for a long time, or which are customarily conducted by auction. Such as tea, tobacco, rabbit hair, fur, wood and so on. Some commodities, such as mink and Australian wool, are mostly traded through international auctions.
Auctions are generally conducted by institutions specializing in auction business in a certain auction center market and within a certain period of time in accordance with local laws and regulations.
The auction procedure is different from the general export transaction, and its transaction process generally goes through four stages: preparation, inspection, bidding transaction and payment delivery.
6. Futures trading is a trading method in which many buyers and sellers bargain by shouting and gestures according to certain rules and reach a transaction through fierce competition.
Futures trading is different from commodity spot trading. As we all know, in the case of spot trading, buyers and sellers can reach a physical transaction at any time, anywhere and in any way. The seller must deliver the actual goods and the buyer must pay for the goods. Futures trading is a futures trading in a specific futures market, that is, in a commodity exchange, in accordance with the "standard futures contract" formulated by the exchange in advance. After the transaction, the buyer and the seller do not transfer the ownership of the goods.
7. Countertrade in China has also been translated into "reverse trade", "offset trade" and "reciprocal trade", and some people generally call it "barter" or "big barter".
Generally speaking, counter-trade can be understood as the general name of various trade modes belonging to the category of goods sale, including barter trade, bookkeeping trade, mutual purchase, product repurchase, transshipment trade, etc., which is characterized by the combination of import and export, and export against import.
Second, the significance of export trade
(1) Export business refers to the business that foreign trade enterprises organize industrial and agricultural products to be sold in the international market and obtain foreign exchange. It is an important business of foreign trade enterprises. The foreign exchange income from commodity export is the main source of China's foreign exchange income, which creates conditions for importing advanced production equipment needed by China's economic development and commodities used to improve people's living standards.
(2) A country's import trade and export trade complement each other. Without export trade, there is no import trade. Export trade is greater than import trade, and foreign exchange receipts and payments are in surplus, which constitutes the source of foreign exchange reserves and marks a country's ability to pay and economic strength.
(3) Foreign trade enterprises should actively expand export trade business and strengthen accounting and management of export trade business, which is of great significance to close international division of labor and cooperation, expand employment opportunities, collect foreign exchange safely and timely, reduce export costs, improve people's living standards and accelerate national economic construction and development. All of the above are about "what are the ways of export trade". Generally speaking, export trade is divided into underwriting, agency, consignment, auction, bidding, futures trading, counter-selling trade and so on. It is necessary to combine export trade with import trade to promote the rapid economic development of enterprises and even the whole society and country.