At present, my country's commercial banks should take the financial system reform as an opportunity to actively learn from the management experience of advanced foreign countries, standardize operations, strengthen management, enhance the ability to withstand and prevent financial risks, and reduce the possibility of commercial bank bankruptcy. sex. Based on the current international and domestic situation, the author believes that the following measures should be taken to avoid and resolve financial risks:
(1) Risk diversification
Risk diversification means that commercial banks hold different types of , currency-specific assets to disperse the possibility of value losses of various assets, so that the total asset value can be preserved or losses reduced. Risk diversification is the most commonly used strategy for commercial banks to effectively control risks. "Don't put all your eggs in one basket" is a popular expression of this strategy. Generally speaking, commercial banks should diversify their operating risks from three aspects.
1. Diversification of business operations. Commercial banks not only have to operate deposit and loan businesses, but also securities businesses and non-bank financial businesses.
In the loan business, there can be industrial, commercial and agricultural loans, real estate loans, and consumer credit loans; in the securities business, you can trade treasury bills, financial bonds, and corporate securities. Bonds and bills; in non-bank financial business, there can be trusts, insurance, leasing, real estate, etc. The diversification of business and its reasonable structure can not only disperse risks, but also balance the different degrees of risks in different businesses, thereby stabilizing the income of commercial banks. At present, some international and domestic commercial banks have established new businesses targeting customers in order to provide customers with a full range of financial services. Innovation in financial business has promoted the reform of the financial management system, broken various restrictions on traditional financial business, and expanded financial liberalization to depth and breadth. The realization of financial liberalization, interest rate liberalization and financial market liberalization can diversify the operating risks of commercial banks to a large extent.
2. Limit lending. Article 39 of the "Commercial Bank Law" stipulates: "The ratio of the loan balance to the same borrower and the capital balance of the commercial bank shall not exceed 10%. This is actually a restriction on the loan structure of commercial banks. In order to prevent excessive loan disbursement, Concentrate and spread risks. Loans to the same borrower must be controlled. Do not put too much funds on the same borrower to limit risks. That is to say, commercial bank funds must be loaned to many customers to achieve risk diversification.
3. Joint lending is a method of joint lending or participating lending for large loans, so that the risk of the loan is shared by several commercial banks. Once the loan incurred losses, each bank will be responsible for the loss. Commercial banks can afford it. The most commonly used form of joint lending in my country is syndicated lending, which is a loan method in which multiple commercial banks approved to operate loan business use the same loan agreement to provide funds to the same borrower according to the agreed term and conditions. Syndicated loans are applicable to medium-, long-term and short-term loans with relatively large amounts and foreign currency loans in RMB that meet the loan conditions. The loan targets are mainly state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises, enterprise groups and key construction projects listed in the national plan. The loan issuance adopts "certification" The amount shared by each member of the syndicated loan shall be handled in accordance with the principle of "voluntarily subscribed to the loan and determined through negotiation".
(2) Risk reduction
Commercial banks minimize losses in business operations by operating in compliance with laws and regulations, which is called risk reduction. Generally speaking, there are mainly the following measures to reduce commercial banks' operating risks:
1. Improve operations. Mechanism to strengthen operation and management. Commercial banks are special enterprises that operate monetary funds and provide services for social financing. In terms of organizational system, each commercial bank's head office is a corporate legal person, and each branch conducts business within the scope of authorization of the head office. In an organizational structure where both unity and high decentralization coexist, improving operating mechanisms and strengthening operational management are important measures that all commercial banks must implement. First, in terms of capital operations, they must gradually improve and implement asset-liability ratio management. Article 39 of the Law requires that the operations of commercial banks must comply with a series of debt ratio management regulations. This kind of management is not a general business management, but an internal self-discipline management mechanism that can effectively constrain load operations and avoid excessive liabilities. And generate operational risks, leading to bankruptcy. Secondly, in terms of operational supervision, we must establish and improve a supervision and guarantee system that is independent of business operations, so that it can operate according to certain rules. This system should include vertical supervision and horizontal supervision. Vertical supervision includes the formulation of internal supervision and control, business audit and audit, administrative supervision, intra-party discipline inspection and other systems. The key is to have a sound and strong internal control organizational system and give full play to the functions of the internal control system; horizontal supervision includes the formulation of relevant departments and relevant positions. Work procedures for mutual supervision and restriction between each other, every key link of each business operation should be placed under strict supervision, incompatible positions should be separated and controlled, and the entire business process should be included in a strict internal control mechanism , effectively guaranteeing the operating results of commercial banks.
Finally, in terms of employee education, it is necessary to educate employees on their ideology, ethics, and laws and regulations, so that employees understand the necessity of implementing the system, the importance of strictly abiding by the rules, and the dangers of not following the rules and not correcting the violations, so as to enhance the Employees' awareness of compliance with laws and self-protection can prevent the occurrence of various internal cases and ensure that commercial banks avoid unnecessary losses.
2. Strengthen credit management in conjunction with national policies. Credit work is the top priority in the business of commercial banks, and good credit management is a necessary prerequisite to prevent commercial bank bankruptcy. In the current new round of enterprise restructuring and financial reform, the following points must be achieved to do a good job in credit management: First, identity discrimination in ownership must be broken. It is necessary to be freed from the traditional determination of capital supply based on ownership attributes, based on safety, efficiency, and liquidity. Regardless of the nature of corporate ownership and the mode of operation of the company, as long as its products have a market, development prospects, and good economic benefits , with a high degree of credit, commercial banks should strongly support it. The second is to prioritize existing customers. In line with the principle of selecting the best and supporting the strong, we clarify basic customer standards, actively expand new customers, focus on supporting enterprises and enterprise groups with standardized restructuring, good reputation, and development potential, and increase the number of excellent customers such as mixed ownership, foreign-owned enterprises, and private enterprises. According to the proportion of the loans, non-performing enterprises will be gradually liquidated and credit relationships will be terminated. The third is to adjust the direction of credit in a timely manner and focus on supporting enterprises that implement capital restructuring. The purpose of capital restructuring of state-owned enterprises is to adjust capital structure, optimize resource allocation, and revitalize the state-owned economy. To this end, commercial banks must adjust the direction of credit funds in a timely manner, and provide key support in incremental loans to companies with standardized capital restructuring, improved internal organizational systems, and rapid improvement in economic benefits. The fourth is to develop new credit tools. According to the needs of enterprises with different ownerships, different operating forms and operating scales, new financing methods are explored, such as "shareholder guaranteed loans", "commercial paper discount loans", "buyer and seller credit", "loans with attached conditions", etc. .
3. Adjust business strategies and reform business organizations. Judging from the current status and trends of economic development and reform, my country's economic system reform has further intensified since the 15th National Congress, and all-round and multi-form enterprise reforms have continued to deepen. The specific manifestations are: the diversification of forms of public ownership; the strategic adjustment of state-owned enterprises to focus on large and small ones; using capital as a link to form a highly competitive cross-regional, cross-industry, cross-ownership and transnational operation through the market. Enterprise groups; take the form of reorganization, alliance, merger, leasing, contract operation, joint-stock cooperative system, sale, etc., accelerate the pace of liberalizing and revitalizing state-owned small enterprises; continue to encourage, guide and develop non-public economy such as individual and private enterprises. The implementation of these measures has, on the one hand, brought new opportunities to my country's commercial banks, and on the other hand, it has also presented new challenges to them. This requires all commercial banks to actively adjust their business strategies and strive to reduce business risks, which is mainly reflected in the adjustment of business strategies for emerging businesses. Compared with traditional deposits, loans, and settlement businesses, emerging businesses refer to real estate finance, international finance, investment banking businesses, and various guarantee businesses, loans, or investment commitment businesses provided by commercial banks in recent years. , innovate financial instruments, and use the human resources, technical equipment and other resources of commercial banks to provide customers with intermediary and services. It has the characteristics of extensive business, low risk and stable income, and is very popular among commercial banks. Judging from the trends of my country's economic and financial reform and development, the development space of traditional asset and liability business of commercial banks will gradually shrink. Under such conditions, it is far from enough for commercial banks to achieve development by operating traditional asset and liability business only. , we must seek new development space. From an international perspective, commercial banks in Western countries focus mostly on emerging businesses, with 50%-60% of their total income coming from intermediary businesses. Judging from the situation of my country's commercial banks, although some efforts have been made to develop emerging businesses, there is still a long way to go compared with the socio-economic development process. Therefore, effective measures have been taken to adjust the business strategies of commercial banks and establish emerging businesses. The development department that focuses on the main direction has no time to delay to ensure the continued, stable and healthy development of my country's commercial banks.
(3) Risk transfer
Risk transfer means that commercial banks transfer their operating risks to other financial institutions through certain operating methods to maximize their ability to resist risks. Risk transfer is a common method used by modern commercial banks to avoid operating risks. my country's commercial banks generally take the following measures in transfer operations:
1. Transfer the risk assets held by commercial banks. For example, if long-term interest rates are expected to rise, commercial banks can transfer their long-term securities to avoid the risk of falling security prices caused by rising interest rates.
2. Provide different levels and types of insurance for various deposits. When a commercial bank suffers operating losses and is unable to repay its debts to depositors, the deposit insurance system can be used to transfer the various deposit repayment risks of the commercial bank to the insurance company.
3. Use the forward foreign exchange market and financial futures market for hedging transactions. By using the swap market to adjust their asset and liability structures, commercial banks can transfer risks to their operating counterparts to ensure their own safety.
4. Replace non-performing loans to improve the asset structure.
my country has established four major financial asset management companies, including Huarong, Great Wall, Dongfang, and Cinda, to replace some of the non-performing loans of the four major commercial banks, namely Industrial, Agricultural, Commercial Bank of China, and China Construction Bank, thereby greatly improving the asset structure of these commercial banks. , enabling them to shed their burdens and travel lightly, which will help them better participate in market competition and maximize their operating capabilities.