1, the natural properties of lead

Lead is a commonly used non-ferrous metal, and its annual production and sales volume ranks fourth among non-ferrous metals after aluminum, copper and zinc. The chemical symbol of lead is Pb (Latin lead), and its atomic number is 82, which is the highest among all stable chemical elements. Its density, melting point and boiling point are C and 1740 C, respectively, and it has strong radiation penetration resistance. Lead is a shiny silver-gray heavy metal, which easily oxidizes in air to form a layer of lead oxide or basic lead carbonate, which makes the surface of lead lose luster and prevents further oxidation. Lead has low conductivity, high corrosion resistance, soft quality, weak ductility and strong ductility.

2. Main uses of lead

The consumption areas of lead are concentrated in lead-acid batteries, cable sheaths, lead foils and extruded products, lead alloys, pigments and other compounds, ammunition, etc., among which lead-acid batteries are the most important areas. In 2009, the lead consumption of lead-acid batteries in the United States, Japan and China reached 86% and 86% respectively, while the lead consumption in other regions was relatively low.

Lead can be completely recovered without losing any physical and chemical properties, and 90% of lead that can enter the recycling chain can be recovered.

3. Distribution of lead resources in the world

Lead in the earth's crust often coexists with zinc and copper to form lead-zinc ore or lead-zinc copper ore. Generally, in addition to lead, zinc and copper, it also contains metals such as gold, silver, bismuth, cadmium, indium, germanium and tin. Therefore, lead ore needs to be pre-selected before smelting to obtain concentrate containing 40-70% lead.

The world's lead reserves are relatively rich, with huge resource potential and high regeneration rate, which can meet the needs of global economic development in the future. The data show that the world lead resources have broad exploration prospects. According to the data released by the US Geological Survey (USGS), during the period of 1999-2009, the world's lead reserves and reserves base increased respectively, and in 2009, the world's lead reserves and reserves base increased to 79 million tons and 1 100 million tons respectively. According to the world lead concentrate output of 3.8 million tons in 2009, the static guarantee period of the world lead reserves and reserves base is years and years respectively.

According to the data released by the US Geological Survey in 20 13, the global proven lead reserves increased to 89 million tons in 20 12. The global distribution of lead resources is relatively concentrated, mainly in Australia, North America, China and other countries and regions.

Second, the production of refined lead in China

Industrialized lead smelting processes around the world include oxygen flash smelting-electrothermal reduction (Kivcet), QSL smelting, oxygen-enriched top-blown immersion smelting (ISA and Ausmelt smelting), Caldo converter smelting, blast furnace smelting and oxygen bottom-blown smelting (SKS) in the former Soviet Union. The level of lead and zinc smelting technology in China has been continuously improved, and the capacity and output have increased rapidly. There are many oxygen bottom blowing lead smelting (SKS) production lines in China, all of which represent the world's advanced production technology.

Since 2000, China's lead smelting output has entered a rapid growth channel. In 2000, the output of refined lead in China was 165438+ 10,000 tons, and in 2003, it surpassed the United States to become the largest refined lead producer in the world. In 2065,438+02, the output of refined lead in China was 1 10,000 tons, accounting for the world's refined lead output. The production capacity and output distribution of refined lead in China are very concentrated, mainly in Henan, Hunan, Yunnan, Anhui and Guangxi provinces. Henan is the only province with a production capacity of over 6,543.8+0,000 tons, accounting for about 654.38+0/4 of the national total production capacity. Among the above five provinces, except Anhui, which is dominated by recycled lead, other provinces are dominated by primary lead.

Third, the consumption of refined lead in China.

The process of industrialization and urbanization in China has actively promoted the consumption of lead. In 2000, the consumption of refined lead in China was 660,000 tons. In 2004, it surpassed the United States to become the world's largest consumer of refined lead. In 2065,438+02, the consumption of refined lead in China was 10,000 tons. China's lead, which accounts for the world's refined lead consumption, is mainly used to produce lead-acid batteries, which account for about 80% of the total lead consumption, followed by lead oxide, lead materials, lead alloys, lead salts and cables. The rapid development of automobile, communication, finance, electric power, transportation, electric bicycle and other industries in China has promoted the rapid growth of lead-acid battery industry, and China has become the largest lead-acid battery producer and exporter in the world.

Four. Import and export of refined lead in China

According to the statistics of China Customs, the import volume of refined lead in China in 2065,438+065,438+0 was10,000 tons, which was basically the same as that in 2065,438+0, which was closely related to the domestic oversupply caused by the continuous expansion of lead smelting capacity in China in recent years. On the other hand, in 20 12 years, China's export of refined lead 1 10,000 tons continued to decline. The low import and export volume of refined lead in China is also related to the implementation of 3% import tariff and 10% export tariff on refined lead in China.

China has long implemented the policy of encouraging the import of mineral products and restricting the export of mineral products. Before 1995, the import and export volume of lead concentrate in China was very small, and the export volume exceeded the import volume. During the period of 1995- 1999, the export volume of lead concentrate remained at the level of1-30,000 tons. After 2000, with the rapid expansion of domestic lead smelting capacity, the export of concentrate is negligible, and the proportion of imported concentrate is greatly increased. In 20 12, China imported lead concentrate 1 10,000 tons, which was higher than 20 1 1.