At that time, the hottest tulip variety was Augustine forever, and the highest price was 1 1,000 guilders. Changing school districts in non-first-tier cities should not be a problem.
Flower industry is a pillar industry in Holland. The Netherlands cultivates about 9 billion flower bulbs every year, with an annual export value of 654.38 billion euros, accounting for about 60% of the global market. Tulip is the most widely planted flower in the Netherlands, accounting for 47% of the total flower output.
The world-famous tulip is not a small flower without a story. It played a leading role in the earliest recorded financial bubble in human history. This event is called. Tulip mania? .
How big is this economic bubble?
First, we need to know the background of this bubble. This happened between 1633 and 1637. Take the income of the Dutch at that time as an example. The annual income of craftsmen such as carpenters is about 350 guilders, while that of middle-class botanists such as Clausius is 750 guilders (equivalent to the current annual income 150 RMB, 1 guilders is about 200 RMB). Taking visible objects as an example, the price of 10 Jin bread is 0.2 guilders, that of 12 fat sheep is 120 guilders, and that of four adult bulls is 480 guilders.
At that time, the hottest tulip variety was Augustine forever, and the highest price was 1 1,000 guilders. Changing school districts in non-first-tier cities should not be a problem. Other varieties such as? Governor? The price of this unique seed ball with petals has also been speculated at a high price. In fact, the performance of petals is infected with the virus, but people didn't know it at that time. Probably a metaphysical psychology, which is unique, so it is wildly hyped.
Why are tulips targeted by speculators? Let's walk into the history of tulips in Europe.
Tulips first grew in Pamirs. At that time, the Ottoman Empire (today's Turkey) fought everywhere, reaching Constantinople and bringing tulips to Europe.
First of all, in Paris, France, men and women first send roses to express their feelings. Later, they thought tulips were more beautiful than roses (perhaps things are rare) and began to give tulips to each other. Later, French aristocratic women pinned tulips on their chests to show their contrast. The nobles who became fashionable gradually also wore tulips to show their rights and status. In the fashion capital of Paris, France, tulips have gone further and become fashion labels. 1635 In autumn, the price of rare tulip rose steadily. In Paris, the price of the best tulip stems is equivalent to 1 10 ounce of gold.
Finally, other European countries began to follow suit, and the habit of wearing tulips became popular, and tulips succeeded.
Tulips are extremely expensive because they were introduced to Europe for a short time and in limited quantities. According to the record, someone bought a blooming tulip for 1000 guilders just to attend an activity. Smart people saw the business opportunities and began to speculate and sell, and the bubble began to be blown up.
In addition to the tight relationship between supply and demand, the special transaction form is also one of the reasons for the formation of the bubble.
At the end of 1634, Dutch tulip merchants formed an organization (college) similar to the industrial guild, which basically controlled the tulip trading market. The guild stipulates that any tulip business must pay fees to the guild. Each Dutch guilder contract is handed over to the guild at 1/40. The cost of each contract shall not exceed 3 guilders at most. Since these guilds usually trade tulips in pubs, the fees they charge are usually called? Wine money? (money for drinks)
At the end of 1636, the Dutch tulip market not only bought and sold tulip bulbs that had been harvested, but also bought and sold bulbs that would be harvested in advance of 1637. There are no clear rules in this futures market, and there are no specific constraints on buyers and sellers. Tulip contracts are easy to buy and sell. In a very short time, they changed hands several times, buying short and selling short. Pass the parcel. In the process of changing hands many times, the price of tulips has been rising.
In February of 1637, profiteers gradually realized that it was time to deliver tulips. Once the bulbs of tulips are planted in the ground, it is difficult to sell them again. People began to wonder how much tulip bulbs bought at such a high price could be worth just for flowering. Not long ago, the rare commodity tulip contract suddenly became a hot potato. People who hold tulip contracts would rather have less than throw them to others. After people's confidence was shaken, the price of tulips immediately began to fall. The price drop leads to further loss of confidence in the tulip market, and the vicious circle leads to the collapse of the tulip market.
According to records, this tulip with a price of 5,000 guilders finally sold for 50 guilders in one day, but the price dropped to several guilders a few months later.
You may ask, why does the Netherlands blow a big bubble?
At that time, the Netherlands was in a golden age, the society was changing, and the whole country was encouraging to make money. Amsterdam is a city on a swamp, and other industries are not developed. Moreover, the Black Death broke out at that time. The average age of people is no more than 40, and many people also hold it? Drink today, get drunk today? Gambler psychology. In addition, there is already a stock exchange in the Netherlands, which promotes the promissory note trading of tulip bulbs.
In addition to tulips, hyacinthus orientalis, Dahlia, Gladiolus and Clivia Changchun have all been fired at high prices. For example 1838, there is a Dahlia craze in France, and a beautiful Dahlia can be exchanged for a good gem; Clivia in Changchun, China is crazy at 1985, and the price of the most expensive variety reaches 200,000 RMB.