It was the last historical era of ancient Japan, from 794, when Emperor Kanmu moved the capital from Nara to Pinganjing (now Kyoto), to 1 185, when the Yuan Dynasty established the Kamakura shogunate. At the end of Nara Dynasty, the contradiction between the imperial court and the aristocratic forces intensified. In order to weaken the power of powerful nobles and monks, Emperor Kanmu decided to move its capital from Pingchengjing to Nagaoka, a mountain country. Because the Ping An Jing was completed in 794, historians often regard 794 as the beginning of the Ping An Dynasty. The name of Heian period comes from the name of its capital.
1. A brief history
In 794, Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Kyoto to rebuild legitimate politics. In order to pray for eternal peace, this new capital is called "Ping An Jing". From this time to about 400 years later, it is called "peacetime". From this time to the end of the edo period, the capital of Japan was in Kyoto about 1 100.
In peacetime, the number of manors increased even more. Fujiwara, who has made great contributions to Dahua's innovation, owns a more special manor and is the most powerful aristocrat. Fujiwara married his daughter to the emperor and made his prince the next emperor. He became a regent when the emperor was young, and became Guan Bai (the minister who assisted the emperor) in politics when he came of age. 1 1 At the beginning of the century, the Taoist priest Fujiwara and his son came to Tongtong with the most prosperity. The Phoenix Hall of Byodoin Temple built by Lai Tong is the most representative building in heian period, which has become the architectural style of aristocratic houses in this era.
At the beginning of the Heian period, the nobles greatly admired tang style culture, but in the 9th century, with the decline of the Tang Dynasty, Daozhen Guanyuan proposed to send envoys to China. However, after the influence of the mainland decreased, Japan also began its own unique national culture. Noble houses are called sleeping halls. When formally dressed, men wear clothes belts and women wear twelve sheets. In painting, soft lines and bright colors were used to describe the scenery and customs at that time, so Yamato painting came into being. Harmony songs also became popular, and the emperor ordered the compilation of ancient and modern harmony songs.
2. The rise of heian period samurai
When Fujiwara enjoyed a rich life in the capital, the local samurai began to expand their power. The so-called samurai refers to people who have local armed forces to protect the land. Samurai is a samurai group with a powerful clan as its core, and the strongest one is Genji Peace.
1 1 century later, Fujiwara's dictatorship declined. Sadahito abdicated and became emperor. The emperor's residence is called courtyard, because the emperor continues to hold political power in the courtyard, so it is also called courtyard administration. Because the real power is in the hands of the emperor, the regent, Guan Bai and the emperor exist in name only.
/kloc-in the middle of the 2nd century, the emperor and the emperor began to oppose each other, which was related to the struggle of Fujiwara clan, while Genji and Shi Pingwu were factions supported by each other, which triggered the war in the capital (Baoyuan Pingzhi Rebellion 1 156, 1 159). At this time, the samurai began to enter and leave the center.
After the Baoyuan Waheiji Rebellion, Pingqingsheng defeated Genji who supported the Emperor, thus replacing Fujiwara and the Emperor in real power. Qingsheng became a minister of Zheng Tai in 1 167, so his family held a high position in the imperial court. Then it built a port in Hyogo (Kobe) and traded with China (Song Dynasty), and gained great benefits. In addition, because Ping has many manors, it has become so powerful that "if it is not a Ping person, it is probably not a person".
However, Goshirakawa was dissatisfied with Ping's practice, and joined forces with Genji (1 180), who was defeated in Baoyuan and rebellion, so that Genji and he went to war again. This time, Yuan Laichao and his younger brother Yuan (Mu Zeng) defeated Ping's family all over the country. 1 185, Pingjia was defeated by Yijing Army and completely destroyed in Tantan (Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi Prefecture) (Battle of Tanpu).
edo age of japan
The Edo period was the Tokugawa period, the Tokugawa period and Japan./kloc-0 was founded in 603, and/kloc-0 returned to the big government in 867. It was the last era of Japanese feudal rule.
1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed as the general to conquer foreigners and established the shogunate in edo. By the time of the third generation general Tokugawa Guang Jia, the shogunate organization had been basically completed. The territory of the shogunate accounts for about 1/4 of the national land, and the rest is owned by Daming (vassal state), which is called vassal state. The general is the supreme ruler of the country. Under him, he decides policies, manages government affairs, and is responsible for controlling the court, name and diplomacy. Daming is the ruler of various vassal States, with family members and seniority. , directly rule the people, and have the administrative, judicial and annual tribute collection rights of the territory. The shogunate set up an envoy to visit the DPRK and an inspector named Yan Fu to supervise the vassal States, and took measures such as taking part in the pilgrimage and changing the name to control the names, but the vassal States still had relative independence. As a result, a political system was formed under the control of General Tokugawa. At the end of 17, due to the development of commodity economy, the wooden model system was in crisis, which was characterized by financial difficulties and frequent peasant uprisings. In order to cope with the crisis, the shogunate carried out reforms from1mid-8th century to11940s, but it didn't work. 1854 after the founding of Japan, the national crisis intensified the crisis of feudalism. Driven by the reformist warriors at the lower level, the powerful princes in the southwest, such as Shama and Changzhou, gradually adopted different policies from the shogunate, colonized and prospered, and resisted foreign enemies. Under the pressure of the peasant uprising at the end of the curtain and the curtain fall movement centered on the powerful princes in southwest China such as Sachang, the 15th generation general Tokugawa Yoshinobu was forced to announce his return to the big government at the end of 1867. 1867 65438+1Feb. 9, 1999, the clique behind the scenes launched an imperial retro coup and announced the abolition of the shogunate system. The newly established Meiji Emperor's government completely defeated the shogunate forces through the Chen Wu War of 1868 ~ 1869. At this point, Japan's feudal shogunate politics ended.
After the middle period of Tokugawa, the commodity economy has developed greatly, and a commodity economic circle centered on Osaka, Edo and Kyoto has been formed throughout the country. Edo is the largest consumer market in China. Every day, merchant ships from all over the country load rice, wine, salt and handicrafts at Edo Port. These products are not only part of the rent paid to the shogunate and vassals, but also more than half of them are commodities that enter the Edo circulation market. Taking rice as an example, the commercial rice sent to Edo is sold by the rice wholesaler to the seller, and then directly sent to the market for sale after being processed by the "rice mud house". During Yongjia period (1848- 1853), there were more than 2,700 such "rice ball houses" in Edo City alone. In Osaka, 1697 (the tenth in Luyuan) opened the Tangdao Rice Market, and 1730 established the Tangdao Rice Society, which has "Zhengmi Merchants" and "Zhanghe Rice Merchants". "Zhengmi Shangnei" is responsible for issuing rice coupons, while "Zhang Mi Shangnei" conducts securities trading activities equivalent to futures trading. Every year, more than 654.38+100,000 stones of rice from Guinea, Kyushu, Shikoku and even the northeast of China are concentrated in the warehouse called "Tibetan House", and the "rice cut hand" (rice coupons) purchased by rice merchants are converted into rice and transported to the rice market in Dabantang Island for sale.
In addition to rice, the market for wine is also forming. In order to stabilize the price of rice, the shogunate ordered the lifting of the wine-making restrictions in 1754. Tandi, Hyogo Prefecture, Yidan and Ikeda in Shejin have all become famous wine producing areas, and the prosperous wine manufacturing industry has also attracted the surrounding people to participate in labor. In addition, the origin of salt is mainly the coastal countries of Seto Inland Sea. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the salt produced here accounted for more than 90% of the national salt market.
Due to the expansion of urban-rural division of labor, the circulation and cooperation of commodity production are increasingly strengthened. For example, the cotton textile industry in Akita comes from Osaka. This mode of production breaks the boundary between vassals and vassals, and makes the market of commodity production expand day by day.
The development of commodity economy also makes farmers participate in the circulation of commodity production. The countryside is not only a place to provide commodity raw materials, but also a factory for simple processing industry. Merchants will buy a certain number of handmade products from farmers and pay a limited processing fee; It is the embodiment of this change that landlords and rich peasants set up manual workshops and hired farmers for production.
In this way, relatively independent markets have appeared all over the country, and the seeds of capitalist mode of production have gradually emerged.
/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, handicraft workshops appeared, and many workers divided their work to produce the same product. In rural areas, landlords and rich peasants set up manual workshops such as brewing and soy sauce, and hired farmers for production. Some businessmen also provide cotton yarn, looms and other raw materials and production tools to organize labor to produce goods. In cities, the number and scale of handicraft workshops have reached a considerable level. During the Edo period, most of the luxurious clothes worn by the upper class and the fabrics consumed by the citizens came from the handicraft workshops of the West Array in Kyoto. In addition to the flat loom, the workshop also has a "high loom" that can weave complex patterns. Silk weaving workshops in West Railway Station reached a large scale in AD18th century. 1in June, 730, the weaving workshop of Kyoto Xizhan suffered a fire, and 30 12 looms were lost, accounting for only half of all looms. After the repair, the number of looms still reached more than 2,500, which shows the strength of Xiarray weaving workshop at that time. Besides wine-making and silk weaving, handicraft workshops have also appeared in other industries.
Commodity economy impacted the economic structure of feudal lords and promoted the relations of production and class changes in rural areas. First of all, a large number of wealthy businessmen appeared, who used the profits from commodity management to invest in land reclamation and river regulation, and became businessmen and landlords who owned goods and a lot of land in Qianzhuang River. They convert capital into land, then exploit farmers through tenancy relationship, and then invest in commercial activities with land rent; Secondly, there has also been differentiation among farmers, and a large number of small farmers have lost their land and become tenant farmers. The bankruptcy of small farmers fundamentally shook the Mufan system. It is this change in production and class relations that has promoted the activities of overthrowing the shogunate and establishing a new government representing the interests of the bourgeoisie.
The economic system in the Edo era was feudal small-scale peasant economy. /kloc-at the end of 0/6, more than 80% of Japan's population were farmers. The basic production relationship is that the vassal lords directly control the peasants, and the peasants cultivate a hereditary land for the lords, and pay a certain amount of land rent in kind and Gong Mi. This kind of yeoman, known as "local people", was the main economic basis of the shogunate system in the Tokugawa shogunate era.
The income of the shogunate mainly depends on farmers' annual tribute. Therefore, in order to ensure the sufficient supply of rice and other grains, the shogunate tried every means to increase the exploitation of land production, constantly changed the tax system and increased the farmers' tax share. The exploitation of farmers is almost to the point where farmers can't survive but beg for death. In order to prevent farmers from losing their land, it is forbidden to buy and sell land forever. At the same time, in order to prevent the commercialization of rural production and life, 1650 (Qing' an III), the shogunate issued a "Qing' an Proclamation" to farmers all over the country, prohibiting the cultivation of cash crops and promoting economy. And through the reform of monetary system, compulsory donation, monopoly and other forms to suppress the development of commodity economy
Nevertheless, commodity economy has emerged in rural areas. Due to the change of production tools and the improvement of farming technology, rural productivity has been greatly developed. Some farmers have begun to have surplus products besides annual tribute. This has created conditions for the development of rural commodity economy and the prosperity of cities. Some well-off rich peasants and landlords hire poor farm labourers to cultivate their land, and at the same time set up manual workshops in rural areas to manage their goods and gain greater benefits. Rural merchants package farmers' agricultural products and handicrafts and sell them to other places. At the same time, city businessmen also turned their eyes to the countryside. They buy products from the countryside and make a profit. Due to the needs of life and finance, feudal owners also had to encourage farmers to produce some cash crops, and agricultural production became increasingly commercialized. Under such circumstances, agricultural specialty areas have gradually emerged, such as cotton production concentrated in Guinea and the East China Sea, sericulture production concentrated in Kanto and Dongshan areas, and soybeans are abundant in the northeast of Honshu. Such regional characteristic agriculture provides an opportunity for the commercialization of agricultural products. Rice, cotton, oil and other agricultural products are sold as commodities except for the part handed over. The natural economy is gradually impacted.
The production of cash crops in rural areas has promoted the development of handicrafts. From the end of 17, rural handicraft industry has become a remarkable feature of handicraft industry development. The commercialization of agricultural products has involved rural areas in the whirlpool of commodity economy. The rent paid to Mufan and the surplus of farmers are developing towards monetization. From the second half of the17th century, in order to meet the needs of complex financial life, all kinds of mufan began to implement the initial monopoly system and began to operate local handicrafts. Some farmers have become independent in commercial activities and become a new class. Through the activities of merchants and the management of Mufan, handicrafts in various places have also formed a certain scale and their own characteristics. The main producing areas of handicrafts are: silk weaving in Xiyuan and Hakata, Kyoto, Kyushu, cotton spinning near Osaka, paper making in Qian Yue and Mino, wine making in Tantan, Ikeda and Itan, and so on.
Due to the development of various industries and the influence of the "visiting household registration" system, the construction of transportation is also in full swing. Formed a reflective traffic artery centered on Edo. Donghai Road from the coast to Kyoto, Zhongshan Road from the capital to Kyoto, Jiazhou Street to Jiazhou (now Yamanashi Prefecture), Australia Street to Australia (now northeast), and Sunlight Street to Sunlight were then called "Five Streets". Due to the increase of merchant ships carrying rice and materials, the shipping industry has gradually developed.
With the development of various industries, the development of cities is more prosperous. In order to weaken the resistance of local famous soldiers, in 16 15, the shogunate ordered the destruction of castles in all places except the vassal's residence and maintained "one country, one city". Lord Mufan gathered warriors around the castle and gathered craftsmen and businessmen here to form a "dismounting pool", on the basis of which the scale of the city gradually developed. By the end of 17, there were more than 300 cities in China. Edo, Osaka and Kyoto are the largest cities in China. Take Edo as an example, it is not only the seat of the shogunate, but also the center of economy and culture. According to the survey of 1693, the total population of all classes in Edo exceeded1000000, surpassing London, the most prosperous city in the world at that time. Osaka was the commercial center at that time and had the reputation of "world kitchen". In the edo period, it formed the center of the national market. The active townspeople and businessmen in and out of Osaka made Osaka the most dynamic city at that time, with a population second only to Edo. Another prosperous city is Kyoto. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, the population inside and outside the city reached about 360,000.
The prosperity of the city makes business more prosperous. In order to ensure commercial interests, wholesalers formed trade associations and accumulated wealth, and big businessmen such as Osaka Hongchi and Edo Mitsui appeared.