The first stage: 65438+1July 2, 1997, Thailand announced that it would abandon the fixed exchange rate system and implement a floating exchange rate system, which triggered a financial storm sweeping Southeast Asia. On the same day, the exchange rate of Thai baht against the US dollar fell by 17%, and financial markets such as foreign exchange were in chaos. Under the influence of the fluctuation of Thai baht, Philippine peso, Indonesian rupiah and Malaysian ringgit have become the targets of international speculators. In August, Malaysia gave up its efforts to defend Ringgit. The Singapore dollar, which has been strong, has also been hit. Although Indonesia is the latest country to be "infected", it is the most seriously affected. 10 year 10 in late October, international speculators moved to Hong Kong, an international financial center, aiming at Hong Kong's linked exchange rate system. Taiwan Province authorities suddenly abandoned the exchange rate of the new Taiwan dollar, depreciating by 3.46% a day, which increased the pressure on the Hong Kong dollar and Hong Kong stock markets. 1October 23rd 10, Hong Kong Hang Seng Index fell 1 2 1 1.47 points; On the 28th, it fell 1, 626,5438+0.80 points and fell below the 9000-point mark. Faced with fierce attacks from international financial speculators, the Hong Kong SAR Government reiterated that it would not change the current exchange rate system, and the Hang Seng Index rose to 10000. Then, 1 1 in mid-June, a financial storm broke out in South Korea in East Asia. 17 In June, the exchange rate of the Korean won against the US dollar fell to a record 1 008: 1. 2 1, the South Korean government had to seek help from the International Monetary Fund, which temporarily controlled the crisis. However, on 65438+February 13, the exchange rate of Korean won against the US dollar fell to 1 737.60: 1. The Korean won crisis has also hit the Japanese financial industry, which has invested heavily in South Korea. 1997 a series of Japanese banks and securities companies went bankrupt in the second half of the year. As a result, the Southeast Asian financial crisis evolved into the Asian financial crisis.
The second stage: 1998, Indonesia's financial turmoil resumed. In the face of the worst economic recession in history, the prescription prescribed by the International Monetary Fund for Indonesia failed to achieve the expected results. On February 1 1, the Indonesian government announced the implementation of the linked exchange rate system with a fixed exchange rate between the Indonesian rupiah and the US dollar to stabilize the Indonesian rupiah. This move was unanimously opposed by the International Monetary Fund, the United States and Western Europe. The International Monetary Fund threatened to withdraw its aid to Indonesia. Indonesia is in a political and economic crisis. On February 6/kloc-0, the exchange rate of the Indonesian rupiah against the US dollar fell below 10000: 1. Affected by this, the Southeast Asian currency market once again set off waves, with the Singapore dollar, Malaysian dollar, Thai baht and Philippine peso falling one after another. It was not until April 8 that Indonesia and the International Monetary Fund reached an agreement on a new economic reform plan that Southeast Asian currency markets were temporarily calm. 1997 The financial crisis in Southeast Asia put the Japanese economy, which is closely related to it, into trouble. The exchange rate of Japanese yen dropped from 1 15 at the end of June 1997 to 1 USD at the beginning of April 1998. In May and June, the exchange rate of the Japanese yen fell all the way, once approaching the mark of 150 yen 1 US dollar. With the sharp depreciation of the yen, the international financial situation is more uncertain and the Asian financial crisis continues to deepen.
The third stage: 65438+1At the beginning of August, 1998, international speculators launched a new round of attacks on Hong Kong in the face of the turmoil in the American stock market and the continuous decline of the yen exchange rate. The Hang Seng Index has dropped to over 6 600 points. The Hong Kong SAR Government retaliated, and the HKMA used the Exchange Fund to enter the stock market and futures market, absorbing Hong Kong dollars sold by international speculators and stabilizing the foreign exchange market at the level of 7.75 Hong Kong dollars 1 US dollar. After nearly a month of hard work, international speculators suffered heavy losses and failed to realize their attempt to use Hong Kong as a "super ATM" again. While international speculators lost in Hong Kong, they lost in Russia. 17 On August 7th, the Russian central bank announced that it would expand the floating range of the ruble against the US dollar to 6.0 ~ 9.5: 1 during the year, and postpone the repayment of foreign debts and government bonds. On September 2, the ruble depreciated by 70%. This led to a sharp drop in the Russian stock market and foreign exchange market, which triggered a financial crisis and even an economic and political crisis. The sudden change of Russian policy has greatly hurt international speculators who have invested huge amounts of money in Russian stock market, and has led to the overall violent fluctuations in the foreign exchange markets of American and European stock markets. If the Asian financial crisis was still regional before this, then the outbreak of the Russian financial crisis shows that the Asian financial crisis has gone beyond the regional scope and has global significance. By the end of 1998, the Russian economy was still in trouble. 1999, the financial crisis is over.
There are many reasons for the financial crisis from 65438 to 0997. Chinese scholars generally believe that it can be divided into direct trigger factors, internal basic factors and world economic factors.
The direct trigger factors include: (1) the impact of hot money in the international financial market. At present, there are about $7 trillion of international capital flowing around the world. Once international speculators find out which country or region is profitable, they will immediately attack the currency of that country or region through speculation to make huge profits in the short term. (2) Some Asian countries have improper foreign exchange policies. In order to attract foreign investment, they maintain a fixed exchange rate on the one hand and expand financial liberalization on the other, which provides opportunities for international speculators. For example, Thailand deregulated the capital market at 1992 before the financial system was straightened out, which made the short-term capital flow unimpeded and provided conditions for foreign speculators to speculate on the Thai baht. (3) In order to maintain a fixed exchange rate system, these countries have used foreign exchange reserves for a long time to make up for their deficits, resulting in an increase in foreign debt. (4) The foreign debt structure of these countries is unreasonable. In the case of more short-term and medium-term debts, once the outflow of foreign capital exceeds the inflow of foreign capital, and the domestic foreign exchange reserves are insufficient to make up for it, the devaluation of the country's currency is inevitable.
Internal basic factors include: (1) the high growth rate of overdraft economy and the expansion of non-performing assets. Maintaining a high economic growth rate is the common aspiration of developing countries. When the conditions for rapid growth become insufficient, in order to maintain the speed, these countries turn to foreign debt to maintain economic growth. However, due to the poor economic development, by the mid-1990s, some Asian countries were unable to repay their debts. In southeast Asian countries, the bubble blown by real estate only brought bad debts and bad debts of bank loans; As for South Korea, because it is too easy for large enterprises to obtain funds from banks, once the business conditions of enterprises are not good, the non-performing assets will expand immediately. The existence of a large number of non-performing assets in turn affects the confidence of investors. (2) The market system is immature. First, the government excessively interferes with the allocation of resources, especially the loan investment and projects in the financial system; The other is that the financial system, especially the supervision system, is not perfect. (3) The defect of "export substitution" mode. The "export substitution" model is an important reason for the economic success of many Asian countries. However, this model also has three shortcomings: first, when the economy develops to a certain stage, the production cost will increase and the export will be restrained, resulting in the imbalance of international payments in these countries; Second, when this export-oriented strategy becomes the development strategy of many countries, it will form mutual extrusion; Third, the gradual progress of products is a necessary condition for continuing to implement export substitution, and it is impossible to maintain competitiveness simply by relying on the cheap advantages of resources. These countries in Asia have not solved the above problems after achieving rapid growth.
World economic factors mainly include: (1) the negative impact of economic globalization. Economic globalization makes the economic ties of countries around the world closer and closer, but its negative effects can not be ignored, such as the intensification of interest conflicts between nation-States, the enhancement of capital mobility, and the difficulty in preventing crises. (2) Unreasonable international division of labor, trade and monetary system are unfavorable to third world countries. In the field of production, high-tech products and high-tech itself are still produced by developed countries, and the technical content of products is gradually declining to underdeveloped countries. Least developed countries can only do assembly work and produce primary products. In the field of exchange, developed countries can buy primary products at low prices and monopolize high prices to promote their own products. In the field of international finance and currency, the whole global financial system and system is also beneficial to financial powers.
The financial crisis has a far-reaching impact, exposing some deep-seated problems behind the rapid economic development of some Asian countries. In this sense, it is not only a bad thing, but also a good thing, which provides opportunities for developing countries in Asia to deepen reform, adjust industrial structure and improve macro-management. Because of the arduous task of reform and adjustment, it will take some time for these countries to fully restore their economies. However, the basic factors of economic growth in developing countries in Asia still exist. After overcoming internal and external difficulties, there is great hope for the improvement and further development of the Asian economic situation.
1997 1998, the Asian financial crisis, is another major event that has a far-reaching impact on the world economy after the world economic crisis in the 1930s. This financial crisis reflects that there are serious defects in the financial systems of all countries in the world, including many mature financial systems and economic operation modes that people think are selected through historical development. This financial crisis has exposed many problems, which need to be reflected. This financial crisis has brought us many new topics and raised the issue of establishing new financial laws and organizational forms. This book attempts to do research in this field. The central issue of this book is how to get rid of the century-old economic problems brought about by the money supply system formed by various countries and the debt derivative mechanism formed between enterprises under the new situation, when the paper money standard system has not been realized after the monetary system reform at the beginning of this century, including: (1) corporate debt burden, bank bad debts, frequent financial and debt crises; (2) Excessive social money supply, heavy banking business and increased difficulty in macro-control; (3) The government has difficulty in tax collection, and the financial crisis is intertwined with the financial crisis; (4) Inflation and social economy are intertwined, bubble economy occurs from time to time, economic fluctuations are frequent, and economic growth is often hindered; (5) Lack of enterprise funds brings operational difficulties, increases the bankruptcy rate and frequent enterprise merger activities, reduces the stability of enterprises, increases unemployment, and is not conducive to economic growth and social stability. (6) Unequal international monetary relations have brought a heavy burden to most countries in the world and caused many international economic problems. The deepest reason for the above problems is that the monetary system is not perfect and the new mechanism of inter-enterprise trading activities under the condition of socialized mass production is not fully understood. The idea of this book is to establish the authoritative intermediary system of enterprise transaction settlement-the national enterprise transaction intermediary settlement system, liberate the debt chain between enterprises, eliminate the bad debt base between enterprises and banks, thus avoiding the occurrence of debt and financial crisis, reducing the harm of inflation and bubble economy, and promoting stable economic growth. In this process of innovation, national tax revenue and fiscal expenditure will also be innovated to reduce the occurrence of fiscal deficit. At the same time, it will also produce the innovation of enterprise system, reduce the bankruptcy and merger of enterprises and enhance the stability of enterprises. In addition, it will also innovate international settlement methods and reform the use of international currency. This process is not a simple treatment of economic problems, but a correction of serious defects in the paper money system, an innovation in the money supply and circulation system, and a major change in the financial system. Moreover, this change has brought many adjustments to the economic operation mechanism.
The outbreak of the Asian financial crisis, although there are specific internal factors in each country: economy.
The economy continues to overheat, the economic bubble expands, and the blindness of introducing foreign capital-too many short-term foreign debts and an unhealthy banking system.
The crisis also has its external causes, such as collusion between banks and enterprises, large debts of enterprises, "bad" behavior of international speculators,
However, people should go further and find out the essential factors of the crisis-modern financial economy and economic integrity.
Spheroidization trend.
Liu believes that the internal content of the financial crisis is the capitalist economic crisis, world 1929- 1933.
The severe financial crisis led to a huge economic panic. Mexican financial crisis 1994 and eastern financial crisis 1997.
The subprime mortgage crisis first occurred in the capitalist world. It can be seen that the financial crisis has its institutional roots and is a capitalist crisis.
Machine. The possibility of financial crisis exists in the inherent spontaneous monetary credit mechanism of market economy. Once financial activities
Out of control, the contradiction between money and capital lending intensified, and the financial crisis appeared. Based on highly developed financial activities
The characteristic modern market economy itself is a high-risk economy, which contains the possibility of financial crisis.
Economic globalization and integration is another major feature of the contemporary world economy. Economic globalization is a supermarket economy.
The highest form of national boundary development. After World War II, with the further development of commodity relations between countries, countries are more interdependent in economy.
Dependence, frequent international flows of goods, services, capital, technology and knowledge, and the trend of economic globalization.
A little more vivid. The globalization of financial activities is a leap in the new allocation of resources in the contemporary world and economically backward countries and regions.
However, with the explosive development of international credit and investment, its internal contradictions deepened and the financial crisis broke out.
It will inevitably break out in the weakest link of imperfect system.
To sum up, the modern market economy not only has a crisis arising from overproduction and insufficient demand, but also
There are also uncontrolled financial credit behavior, excessive use of new financial instruments and excessive speculation in the capital market.
Crisis. In the capitalist world, the crisis of this market operation mechanism is catalyzed and aggravated by the basic system.
Financial crisis is inevitable not only in capitalist countries, but also in the socialist market economy system.
The imperfect financial system and out-of-control financial activities are the endogenous factors of the financial crisis. Because of this, at present in our country
In the system transformation, people should attach great importance to and earnestly do a good job in the construction of a market economic system regulated by the government, especially
We should vigorously improve the financial system and enhance our ability to guard against endogenous and exogenous financial crises.
After the outbreak of the financial crisis in Southeast Asia, people have conducted extensive and in-depth discussions on the causes of the crisis.
Pointing out the internal and external causes of the crisis, Liu further pointed out the deep-seated reason, namely modernity.
The monetary and credit mechanism led to the outbreak of the crisis. As long as the modern market economy exists, monetary credit exists in the market economy
Mechanism may lead to financial crisis. However, it only happens in countries with imperfect systems and the weakest countries.
This is no exception in socialist market economy countries. Even so, we can still improve the financial system.
Systematic prevention of financial crisis, Liu Ye pointed out to us to prevent financial crisis.
Financial crisis refers to the sharp, short-term and super-cycle deterioration of all or most financial indicators of a country or several countries and regions (such as short-term interest rates, monetary assets, securities, real estate, land (price), the number of commercial bankruptcies and the number of financial institution failures). Its characteristic is that people's expectations of the future economy are more pessimistic, the currency of the whole region has depreciated sharply, and the economic aggregate and scale have lost a lot, which has hit economic growth. It is often accompanied by a large number of business failures, rising unemployment rate, general economic depression in society, and sometimes even social unrest or national political turmoil. Financial crisis can be divided into currency crisis, debt crisis and banking crisis. In recent years, the financial crisis has increasingly presented some mixed forms of crisis.
Argentina's economy is recovering after the financial crisis.
As we all know, an unprecedented financial crisis broke out in Argentina from 20065438+0 to 2002. Financial crisis, enterprise crisis, political crisis, social crisis and institutional crisis occurred simultaneously. In this regard, the Argentine government has taken a series of measures to get out of the crisis, making the GDP increase by more than 0.5% quarter by quarter, reaching 2.0% in the fourth quarter of 2002. It is estimated that the GDP will increase by 6% in 2003 and 5% in 2004. The financial current account has maintained a surplus since May 2002, and the revenue and expenditure have increased month by month.
Over the past year or so, the Argentine government has taken a series of policy measures to resolve the financial crisis: at the beginning of the financial crisis, it was forced to take two measures: First, it passed the Law on Public Emergency and Exchange Rate System Reform, giving the new president almost unlimited economic power to deal with the crisis. Freeze bank deposits and force dollar deposits to be pesoized at the exchange rate of 12 1.4. Second, by applying for assistance from the International Monetary Fund, we can "pay off debts" (that is, temporarily stop paying the principal and interest of foreign debts due), and finally negotiate debt restructuring with creditors of international financial institutions and other international institutions to obtain loan assistance to reduce and delay the debt repayment burden.
After the financial crisis, four measures were taken: First, under the negotiation requirements of the International Monetary Fund, a monetary policy goal of controlling currency issuance within 30% increment and inflation within 5% increment was determined before 2004, and then a stable floating exchange rate system was determined according to inflation expectations from 1 in 2004. The second is to restore people's confidence in banks. During the crisis, the number of banks in China was reduced from more than 90 to more than 50, and the income level of employees was also reduced by half. Measures such as freezing deposits and forcing pesoization are more harmful to depositors (peso deposits have depreciated by more than 2/3), and people are unwilling and afraid to deposit in banks. After the crisis, when the government issued a call to restore people's confidence in banks, people responded to the government's call, and their savings rebounded rapidly, reaching 64.72 million pesos in June 2003, an increase of 9.92 million pesos compared with the lowest 540,000 pesos in July 2002, with an average monthly increase of 1.7%. Third, encourage banks to increase loans to the private sector, fundamentally change the practice of requiring banks to increase loans to the public sector too much before the crisis, and promote economic recovery. Fourth, strictly restrict the remittance of US dollars and the import of commodities, encourage the export of agricultural products and attract foreign tourists to Afghanistan to increase the current account surplus. Fourth, while reforming the tax system and strengthening the collection and management, efforts should be made to control fiscal expenditure and achieve fiscal balance or surplus.
An analysis of the causes of Argentina's financial crisis
(1) The rigid currency board system seriously overestimated the value of local currency and weakened Albania's economic competitiveness. Wen Yunding chose the currency board system linked to the US dollar in 199 1, that is, the currency circulation is based on international reserves. Before 199 1, the fiscal deficit was often made up by issuing bank notes. Coupled with other factors, inflation has remained high for a long time, reaching 49% in 1989. 199 1 after adopting the currency board system, inflation was quickly controlled, and the price of consumer goods only increased by 3.9% in 1994. However, while paying attention to controlling inflation, we did not pay attention to the trend of the US dollar, which made the peso gradually overvalued, making imports cheaper and exports more expensive, and gradually weakened the international competitiveness of Argentina's economy. The current balance of payments has been in deficit for a long time, the international reserves are gradually decreasing, and the foundation for implementing the currency board system is weak.
(2) Financial supervision is too simplistic and administrative. A is a country that has fully liberalized its finance. Banks are not only privatized, but also controlled by foreign capital. Of the 65,438+00 private banks, 7 are wholly foreign-owned and 2 are controlled by foreign capital. Foreign capital controls nearly 70% of the total assets of commercial banks, and capital can also flow freely. Before the crisis, some factors leading to the crisis have changed quantitatively, and a large number of foreign capital fled. However, the government lacks a financial risk early warning system and financial supervision is weak, so it has not taken appropriate preventive measures. After the crisis, the government acted hastily and adopted some simplified and administrative measures, such as restricting residents' withdrawal of deposits, controlling capital flow, temporarily stopping payment of foreign debts due, greatly weakening wages and pensions, etc., which not only did not help solve the problem, but intensified contradictions and aggravated the crisis.
(3) The state financial expenditure is difficult to control, and the revenue and expenditure situation is gradually deteriorating. Argentina has a huge civil service, high wages, good welfare and high financial expenditure. Afghanistan has a population of 36 million, including 2 million civil servants. Before the 1990s, although the government made up the gap between revenue and expenditure by issuing currency, the economic foundation was still relatively good, and taxation was the main source of revenue for the government. After the implementation of the currency board system, the government quickly found a good and important alternative source of income, that is, in 1990- 1995, through the privatization of 123 state-owned enterprises, the government obtained an income of184.5 billion dollars. After 1996, this income dropped sharply. In order to re-elect Argentine President Menem for the third time, the central government's expenditure will not be reduced, but will continue to increase. Unwilling and difficult to control and restrain local governments, the fiscal revenue and expenditure situation at all levels has changed year by year, and it has to be continued by borrowing.
The heavy debt burden forced the government to "repay the debt". Governments at all levels borrowed a lot of foreign debts to make up the gap between public and public revenue and expenditure. The central government debt rose rapidly from $90 billion in196 to $20 billion1year, accounting for more than 40% of GDP. According to the internationally accepted warning line of 60%, this ratio is not high, but the main problem is that Argentina is a developing country and its debt structure is unreasonable. The repayment period of principal and interest is concentrated in 200 1-2004, and the high interest rate increases the debt burden. At the same time, local governments have more debts, because the Albanian Constitution stipulates that provincial governments can borrow on their own without the approval of the central government and only with the approval of provincial councils. In this way, Argentina's provinces directly borrow money from home and abroad and issue tokens (that is, quasi-currency issuance). When the chain of borrowing new debts to repay old debts broke and the debt crisis broke out, the Afghan government had to announce that it would temporarily stop paying due principal and interest. After the financial crisis, the central government took over the sovereign foreign debts of local governments in order to restructure debts and strengthen foreign debt management.
(e) The fragile financial and economic foundation cannot resist the influence of the external environment. In recent years, due to the economic downturn in Argentina, the import and export capacity has fallen sharply, the profitability of foreign-funded enterprises and banks in Argentina has declined, and the overvaluation of peso has made it more difficult to attract foreign investment. With the spread and impact of the financial crisis in Southeast Asia, Argentina is inevitable.
(6) Domestic political instability is both a result and a cause. Since the Afghan military government implemented the strategy of "returning government to the people" in the early 1980s, political democratization has been developing continuously, and partisan disputes have become increasingly fierce, leading to the politicization of economic issues. Some economic policies that the ruling party wants to implement are greatly restricted and difficult to implement. Not only is the central government debt management out of control, but so is the local government debt management. Due to the accumulation of domestic problems, contradictions have also arisen at the top of the government. The simplification and administrative measures to deal with the crisis make people very dissatisfied with the government, which leads to frequent regime changes. /kloc-five presidents changed in 0/2 days, and the hot presidency became a hot potato for a time. The political crisis made the financial crisis more harmful.
Reflections on Argentina's financial crisis
(1) Financial stability is crucial to economic, social and political stability. In modern economic society, finance is alive and well, and finance is in a mess. The economic crisis, social unrest and regime change triggered by the financial crisis in Latin America strongly prove this point. In China, which accelerates and perfects the process of socialist market economy, finance plays an increasingly important role and becomes the core of modern economy. Maintaining financial stability is of great significance for ensuring the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy and successfully achieving the great goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Therefore, we should further raise awareness, remain vigilant, take precautions, treat both the symptoms and the root causes, and ensure the smooth and efficient operation of finance.
(B) to continuously enhance the competitiveness of the national economy is to achieve fiscal
An important foundation for stability. 1997 the southeast Asian financial crisis spread from southeast Asian countries in China to Russian and Latin America, and China was safe and sound. There are two main reasons: first, the foreign capital introduction strategy of paying equal attention to direct financing and indirect financing has been implemented, and the export-oriented economy has been vigorously developed, forming a strong foreign exchange reserve; Second, in the case of financial crisis and sluggish external demand in neighboring countries, the policy of expanding domestic demand was launched in time and received rapid results. Not only did it promote the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy by expanding domestic demand, but it also strengthened its physique and development potential by increasing infrastructure construction and increasing investment in technological transformation of enterprises.
(3) Effective management of government debt, especially sovereign foreign debt.
It is an important part of realizing financial stability. Vigorously attracting foreign investment is conducive to alleviating the shortage of domestic funds and promoting national economic and social development, but the purpose of borrowing money is to repay the principal and interest, so we should consider the use efficiency and repayment ability of the project. The lesson of Argentina tells us that the government's borrowing regulations must be controlled and the borrowing authority must be concentrated in the central government. Although China implements graded finance and local governments have repeatedly called for self-borrowing, we still think that we should be quite cautious about the issue of borrowing authority to avoid the short-term behavior of local governments and the chaos of the bond market. The central government should earnestly fulfill the unified management responsibility of the government's sovereign foreign debt, and relevant departments should do a good job of cooperation; The structure of government debt, especially sovereign foreign debt, should be reasonable and the scale should be moderate, which must be compatible with the government's repayment ability. While strengthening the management of government sovereign foreign debts, other foreign debts should also be managed and operated with reference to international practices.
(D) A sound financial supervision system is an important measure to achieve financial stability. Today, with the increasingly close economic ties in the world, exchange rate has become an important link and tool for national regulation. The biggest feeling of Argentina's fixed exchange rate system is that it is very powerful in controlling inflation, but "easy to get in, hard to get out", that is, there is no reason to abandon it when everything is going well, and it is difficult to abandon it when it is difficult. Once abandoned, the result is very bad. At present, China has successfully implemented a single and managed floating exchange rate system based on market demand, mainly because China has more foreign exchange reserves and only liberalized its current account revenue and expenditure. The lessons of other countries and the experience of China tell us that we should keep the RMB exchange rate basically stable at a reasonable and balanced level, and at the same time further explore and improve the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism in deepening financial reform; Financial liberalization, especially capital account convertibility and financial liberalization, should be steadily promoted on the premise of improving supervision.
(E) The establishment of a solid and powerful national finance is an important guarantee for achieving financial stability. Looking at the experiences and lessons of countries all over the world, financial risks will eventually be reflected and embodied in national finance. Therefore, while paying attention to preventing and resolving financial risks, the government should pay attention to strengthening the management of fiscal revenue and expenditure and enhancing its financial strength. At present, China's fiscal deficit is increasing and various risks are accumulating. Therefore, we must clearly realize the necessity and urgency of preventing financial risks. It is necessary to implement full-scale budget management not only for the explicit debts in the central budget, but also for the explicit debts outside the central budget and the explicit debts of local governments at all levels, and also to effectively monitor all kinds of hidden debts and contingent debts of institutions and state-owned enterprises, such as debts, losses and non-performing assets.
Financial crisis refers to the sharp, short-term and super-cycle deterioration of all or most financial indicators of a country or several countries and regions (such as short-term interest rates, monetary assets, securities, real estate, land (price), the number of commercial bankruptcies and the number of financial institution failures). Its characteristic is that people's expectations of the future economy are more pessimistic, the currency of the whole region has depreciated sharply, and the economic aggregate and scale have lost a lot, which has hit economic growth. It is often accompanied by a large number of business failures, rising unemployment rate, general economic depression in society, and sometimes even social unrest or national political turmoil. Financial crisis can be divided into currency crisis, debt crisis and banking crisis. In recent years, the financial crisis has increasingly presented some mixed forms of crisis.
1997 1998, the Asian financial crisis, is another major event that has a far-reaching impact on the world economy after the world economic crisis in the 1930s. This financial crisis reflects that there are serious defects in the financial systems of all countries in the world, including many mature financial systems and economic operation modes that people think are selected through historical development. This financial crisis has exposed many problems, which need to be reflected. This financial crisis has brought us many new topics and raised the issue of establishing new financial laws and organizational forms. This book attempts to do research in this field. The central issue of this book is how to get rid of the century-old economic problems brought about by the money supply system formed by various countries and the debt derivative mechanism formed between enterprises under the new situation, when the paper money standard system has not been realized after the monetary system reform at the beginning of this century, including: (1) corporate debt burden, bank bad debts, frequent financial and debt crises; (2) Excessive social money supply, heavy banking business and increased difficulty in macro-control; (3) The government has difficulty in tax collection, and the financial crisis is intertwined with the financial crisis; (4) Inflation and social economy are intertwined, bubble economy occurs from time to time, economic fluctuations are frequent, and economic growth is often hindered; (5) Lack of enterprise funds brings operational difficulties, increases the bankruptcy rate and frequent enterprise merger activities, reduces the stability of enterprises, increases unemployment, and is not conducive to economic growth and social stability. (6) Unequal international monetary relations have brought a heavy burden to most countries in the world and caused many international economic problems. The deepest reason for the above problems is that the monetary system is not perfect and the new mechanism of inter-enterprise trading activities under the condition of socialized mass production is not fully understood. The idea of this book is to establish the authoritative intermediary system of enterprise transaction settlement-the national enterprise transaction intermediary settlement system, liberate the debt chain between enterprises, eliminate the bad debt base between enterprises and banks, thus avoiding the occurrence of debt and financial crisis, reducing the harm of inflation and bubble economy, and promoting stable economic growth. In this process of innovation, national tax revenue and fiscal expenditure will also be innovated to reduce the occurrence of fiscal deficit. At the same time, it will also produce the innovation of enterprise system, reduce the bankruptcy and merger of enterprises and enhance the stability of enterprises. In addition, it will also innovate international settlement methods and reform the use of international currency. This process is not a simple treatment of economic problems, but a correction of serious defects in the paper money system, an innovation in the money supply and circulation system, and a major change in the financial system. Moreover, this change has brought many adjustments to the economic operation mechanism.