(1) China is gradually integrating into the process of economic globalization

Over the past 20 years, China has implemented an opening-up policy, and its economy has moved from a closed to an open economy, and has gradually expanded the breadth and depth of opening-up. , integrate into the international division of labor system, and become an active participant in the process of economic globalization. The World Bank believes that China is one of the few biggest winners in the process of economic globalization. The scale of China's international trade has expanded approximately 22 times in the past 22 years, and its world ranking has risen from 32nd at the beginning of opening up to the current 9th. The average annual use of foreign direct investment has increased from less than 2 billion US dollars in the early 1980s. , has risen to about 40 billion US dollars now. Since 1993, it has been the world's second largest host country for foreign investment after the United States. Today, the cumulative foreign direct investment attracted has reached 350 billion US dollars. The degree of internationalization of China's economy has been greatly improved. By actively participating in the international division of labor and cooperation, absorbing foreign investment and expanding international trade, China has effectively promoted the upgrading of the domestic industrial structure, created a large number of new job opportunities, promoted the reform of the domestic economic system, improved the operating efficiency of the national economy, and enhanced Comprehensive national strength enables China to play a greater role in international economic and political affairs.

The reason why China has taken the initiative in economic globalization is that the Chinese government has formulated a correct opening-up strategy based on its own comparative advantages and implemented it consistently. Generally speaking, China's comparative advantages are mainly its low-cost labor and land, systematic manufacturing base and potentially huge market size; its comparative disadvantages are mainly its weak ability to develop some important technologies, the relative lack of some natural resources and the economic downturn. flaws in the system. China is implementing in parallel the "import substitution" strategy in "commanding heights" fields such as automobiles and petrochemicals, and the "export-oriented" strategy in labor-intensive sectors. The simultaneous implementation of these two strategies has enabled China to avoid other countries that simply implement "import substitution" In order to overcome the negative consequences of serious imbalances in the international balance of payments among strategic developing countries, China has taken the lead in implementing systems and preferential policies that are in line with international standards in some areas such as special economic zones and development zones. The strategy of local breakthroughs has effectively promoted the expansion of foreign investment and international trade.

Although the above-mentioned opening strategy has achieved great success, its cost is also quite high. It has been over-protected for a long time, and its international competitiveness has always been low; the export-oriented sector has the characteristics of "big imports and big exports", has little connection with the domestic economy, and has limited driving effect on the domestic economy; sectoral segmentation and local protection in the domestic market are common existence, it is difficult to bring into play the advantages of a large country's economy; there are widespread differential treatments among enterprises of different ownerships in taxation, market access, investment and financing, etc., which seriously affects fair competition in the market, etc.

After China joins the WTO, in the new international environment, the parallel strategies of "import substitution" and "export orientation" implemented in the past will need to be adjusted, and gradually shift to a strategy of seeking competitive advantage under more open conditions. The basis is comparative advantage. There have been many studies on this issue. People usually emphasize the advantages of China’s abundant labor supply and relatively low prices. In addition, the country’s vast territory and sufficient supply of certain resources are the advantages. There are two other advantages worth noting.

One advantage is the economies of scale in a large country. China has the largest population in the world and is in a stage of rapid economic and resident income growth, with per capita income approaching US$1,000. . With the upgrading of residents' consumption structure, China has entered and is entering a period of rapid expansion of demand for home appliances, automobiles, electronic communications and other products with significant economies of scale. This market condition may make certain related industries unique in the world. The economies of scale effect includes both internal economies of scale within the enterprise and external economies of scale due to industrial agglomeration. The resulting low costs will not only benefit domestic consumers, but also help improve the international popularity of these products. Competitiveness.

Another advantage is that it has favorable conditions for focusing on the development of processing and assembly manufacturing. In recent years, China has experienced a development stage focusing on the light textile industry and heavy chemical industry, and is currently entering a new stage. A development stage characterized by processing and assembly manufacturing. At this stage, China can provide the capital and labor (especially technicians and skilled labor) required for processing and assembly manufacturing, and utilize relatively high-level and relatively mature technologies. Produce products with gradually improved technological content and added value. Judging from the trend of global industrial restructuring, a number of processing and assembly industries with higher technological content and added value will also move to China in recent years, including large-scale computer assembly and processing. The rapid formation of bases in China's Pearl River Delta region already shows this trend. It is generally believed that the automobile industry is one of the areas that will be hardest hit after China joins the WTO; but according to our research, after necessary adjustments, China is very likely to grow into the world's largest automobile production base in the next 10 years or so. one.

If the above comparative advantages can be successfully transformed into competitive advantages, under the new situation of joining the WTO and accelerating economic globalization, it is entirely possible that China will be in a more favorable position in the international division of labor.

(2) Functional transformation of the Chinese government: progress achieved

China’s continuous expansion of opening up to the outside world has effectively promoted the transformation of the domestic economic system from a planned economy to a market economy. . In order to avoid inconsistencies between the domestic economic system and internationally accepted market rules, China has taken the lead in introducing market mechanisms in some areas such as special economic zones and implementing economic and trade rules that are in line with international practices. The special zone is not only a window for China to open up to the outside world, but also an experimental field for market-oriented reform. The Chinese government has extended the successful experience of the SAR to a wider area, creating a situation of positive interaction between opening up and reform. In this process, the direction and basis for defining the transformation of Chinese government functions have gradually become clear. The 1993 "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Issues Concerning the Establishment of a Socialist Market Economic System" pointed out: "Transforming government functions and reforming government institutions are urgent requirements for establishing a socialist market economic system. The main functions of the government in managing the economy are Formulate and implement macro-control policies, improve infrastructure construction, and create a good environment for economic development. At the same time, we must cultivate the market system, supervise market operations and maintain equal competition, adjust social distribution and organize social security, control population growth, and protect natural resources. and the ecological environment, manage state-owned assets and supervise the operation of state-owned assets, and achieve the country’s economic and social development goals. The government uses economic, legal and necessary administrative means to manage the national economy and does not directly interfere with the production and operation activities of enterprises.” This discussion summarizes. The progress in understanding the economic functions of the government after China's reform and opening up also pointed out the basic direction of the transformation of government functions. Following this basic direction, many positive changes have taken place in government functions over the past few years.

——The framework of the macro-control system based on indirect means has been initially established. The reform of planning, fiscal and taxation, and financial systems has gradually deepened, and a regulatory mechanism in which planning, finance, and finance cooperate and restrict each other has been basically formed. The national plan highlights the macroscopic, strategic and policy nature, greatly reduces the mandatory planning indicators, emphasizes that the planning indicators should be fewer but precise, and are generally predictive and instructive. The fiscal and taxation system is transforming from production, construction and operating finance under the planned economy to public finance under the modern market economy, and a new fiscal and taxation system with the tax-sharing system as the core has taken initial shape. The financial system has got rid of the stereotype of "fiscal cashier" during the planned economy period, and is building a modern financial institution system, financial market system and financial regulation and supervision system in accordance with the needs of developing a socialist market economy. Through the comprehensive use of fiscal and taxation policies, monetary and credit policies and other economic means as well as legal means to regulate economic operations, the government has effectively controlled the severe inflation and a certain degree of deflation trends that have occurred successively, and has gradually accumulated the ability to maintain macroeconomic stability during the economic transition process. Beneficial experience in economic stability.

——Some progress has been made in cultivating, standardizing and supervising the market system. On the basis of continuously developing the commodity market, the Chinese government is gradually cultivating the production factor market and striving to establish a unified, open, competitive and orderly market system. The fundamental role of the market in allocating resources has become increasingly apparent. In 2000, the proportion of sales at market prices in the retail sales of social commodities reached 95%, an increase of 6 percentage points from 1995. There are more than 1,000 listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, with a total stock market value of more than 4.8 trillion yuan, accounting for 57% of the GDP, and a transaction volume of 6.08 trillion yuan. The foreign exchange market, labor market and technology market have achieved considerable development. Since the 1990s, laws and regulations such as the Product Quality Law, the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, the Consumer Rights Protection Law, the Company Law, the Commercial Banking Law and the Securities Law have been promulgated and implemented. For the futures market and securities market with greater risks, through the improvement of Listing rules, trading rules and information disclosure systems have strengthened risk prevention and supervision mechanisms. The government is moving towards an institutionalized track in regulating and supervising market entities, market organizational forms and market transaction behaviors.

——The way the government used to directly manage state-owned enterprises has changed to a certain extent. The separation of government and enterprises has taken major steps. The business practices of the military, armed police forces and political and legal agencies that were formed under specific historical conditions have changed. Various government departments have terminated their administrative affiliation with the economic entities and directly-affiliated enterprises they operate, and no longer directly manage enterprises. The reform of monopoly industries such as telecommunications, electric power, railways, and civil aviation has made a good start. In terms of strengthening the owner supervision function, the government has taken measures such as dispatching supervisory boards to key state-owned enterprises and financial institutions, and authorizing asset management institutions and large enterprises to operate state-owned assets, so as to maintain and increase the value of state-owned assets. The state has put forward the principles of "advance and retreat" and "do something and refrain from doing something", and is implementing strategic adjustments to the state-owned economy. Various forms of non-public ownership economy are developing rapidly. The proportion of various ownership economies in the national economy has undergone important changes, and the share of non-public ownership economies in GDP is close to 1/4. The Chinese government has promised that after joining the WTO, it will not exert direct or indirect influence on state-owned enterprises to ensure equal competition among all types of enterprises.

——Gradually move closer to international practices in managing foreign-related economies. The reform of the foreign trade and foreign exchange management system has gradually deepened. By lowering tariffs, reducing quotas, canceling export subsidies, and implementing a managed floating exchange rate system in which the RMB is convertible under the current account, foreign trade and foreign exchange operations that comply with internationally accepted rules have initially been formed. mechanism.

Regional and industry restrictions on the introduction of foreign investment have been gradually relaxed, and governments at all levels have made active efforts to improve relevant laws and regulations, manage foreign investment in accordance with the law, simplify service procedures, and improve the investment environment.

——The government’s function of promoting coordinated economic and social development has been strengthened. As China's economy becomes increasingly market-oriented, imports, resources, environment and social security are putting increasing pressure on modernization. To adapt to this situation, the Chinese government has formulated and implemented a strategy of sustainable development and a strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, and has actively strengthened the construction of the social security system. At present, China's birth rate has dropped to a low level. The government has implemented a strict resource management system and achieved certain results in ecological environment protection and construction. The government has strengthened its support for basic scientific research and promoted applied scientific research institutions to the market. Significant progress has been made in universalizing compulsory education, eradicating illiteracy among young adults and reforming the higher education system. The construction of the social security system including pensions, medical care, unemployment insurance, etc. that is compatible with the new system is proceeding in an orderly manner.

——The government has made certain progress in its own reform. First of all, the basic methods of governing the country and administration according to law were established, the goal of establishing a clean, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government was proposed, and efforts were made to implement it. In accordance with the requirements of establishing a socialist country under the rule of law, the government attaches great importance to and strengthens administrative legislation, administrative law enforcement and administrative supervision in accordance with the authority and procedures stipulated by national laws, and establishes and gradually improves the civil service system and the integrity building system. Secondly, the reform of government institutions has gradually deepened. Since 1998, a new round of vigorous government institutional reform has been launched from the State Council to local governments. This reform emphasizes the transformation of government functions and the separation of government and enterprises; in accordance with the principles of streamlining, efficiency, and consistent powers and responsibilities, the organization and staffing will be significantly adjusted and streamlined; the focus will be on strengthening the comprehensive economic departments and law enforcement supervision departments, and streamlining and merging professional economic departments. departments, and make appropriate adjustments to social management departments. After the institutional reform, the number of departments under the State Council was reduced from 40 to 29, and the internal departments of the departments were streamlined by one-quarter. More than 200 functions were transferred to enterprises, social intermediaries and local governments, and the staffing level was reduced by half. There have been certain improvements in the work style and efficiency of the agency. Local governments at all levels have also been streamlined accordingly, and their responsibilities and authorities have been further clarified. Once again, political democratization moves forward. Listening more to experts, public opinions and accepting media supervision promotes democratization and scientific decision-making. Grassroots democratic politics has been developed through the direct election of district and county people's representatives and rural grassroots political leaders, as well as the promotion of open government affairs and village affairs. Non-governmental autonomous governance mechanisms such as public welfare organizations and industry associations have also gradually developed, and have begun to play an active role in striving for public interests, coordinating economic and social contradictions, and supplementing, replacing, and supervising government functions.

(3) Main problems existing in the transformation of government functions

The functional transformation of governments at all levels in China has made varying degrees of progress, but there are still many problems. Generally speaking, the government's own reform still lags behind the process of economic system transformation, and the transformation of government functions is also less than the intensity of institutional reform. In some cases, the transformation of government functions and its own reforms are the result of proactive advancement; in other cases, they are the result of pressure from the situation, lack of foresight, depth and systematicity, and treat the symptoms rather than the root cause. In the relationship between government and enterprises, government and market, government and social independent governance, a series of deep-seated contradictions have yet to be resolved.

——The government still has too much direct intervention in the micro-economy, especially in state-owned enterprises, and an effective state-owned assets management system has not yet been formed. The administrative approval system formed during the planned economy period and expanded to some extent during the economic transition period still exists widely. In particular, the administrative approval system in the fields of enterprise establishment, leader appointment and dismissal, investment, and foreign trade needs to be cleaned up and reduced urgently. It is worth noting that in the process of promoting the reform of state-owned enterprises, the implementation of certain policies has had the side effect of strengthening administrative approval and case handling. In asset restructuring activities such as shareholding reform, stock issuance, and mergers and acquisitions of state-owned enterprises, some departments and local governments often conduct inappropriate administrative intervention in enterprises out of departmental interests, local interests, and even the will of the chief executive. For example, enterprises with good returns are forced to take care of disadvantaged enterprises in terms of investment, guaranteed loans, asset restructuring, etc., and even allocate government administrative expenses to enterprises. The problems of unreasonable layout of the state-owned economy and excessively long front lines are still prominent, and strategic adjustments to it are insufficient and progress is slow. There are still too many restrictions on the non-public economy, and a fair and competitive environment has not yet been formed. The confusion between the government's corporate governance functions and the state-owned asset owner functions has not fundamentally changed. How to build a new state-owned assets management and operation system has become an important issue that needs to be solved urgently in deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises.

——The reform of the investment and financing management system lags behind. In the field of investment and financing, there is a tendency for the government to directly intervene in micro-investment and financing activities to achieve macro-control goals. The result is that the expected goals of macro-control are often not achieved, and at the same time, the government's abnormal intervention in investment and financing activities is strengthened. Many departments and local governments still overly assume the functions of investment and financing entities and spend a lot of energy fighting for funds and projects. Investment decisions rely on the approval of administrative agencies at all levels and do not follow scientific, rigorous and market-oriented investment decision-making procedures. The company lacks a strict investment risk responsibility mechanism, which often leads to major investment mistakes.

——Insufficient efforts to regulate and supervise market order. First, laws and regulations regulating market order are still incomplete.

For example, the anti-monopoly law has not been promulgated for a long time, making it difficult to use legal means to break administrative monopolies; the exit mechanism of the securities market has not been finally established, making it difficult to ensure the quality of listed companies. Second, law enforcement is lax, management is lax, discipline is lax, laws are not followed, and violations are not punished, rendering existing laws, regulations and systems ineffective. Third, local protectionism and departmental segmentation continue to change their tactics, hindering the formation of a unified national market. These factors have led to a relatively chaotic market order, highlighted by the proliferation of counterfeit and shoddy goods, rampant tax evasion, tax fraud, foreign exchange fraud and smuggling, disordered social credit relationships, widespread debt evasion, fraud in the construction field, and poor project quality. The problem is serious, etc.

——Some government departments have tended to form interest groups and non-public institutions, weakening the service functions of public institutions, and even intensifying systemic corruption. After the professional economic departments are gradually abolished in the government reform, the public service functions of the comprehensive economic departments, law enforcement supervision departments and social welfare management departments need to be strengthened. However, some government departments are currently developing plans, programs and regulations, or are dealing with ministries. When there is a conflict between departmental interests and public interests, they are often limited by the interests of the department or the industry under their jurisdiction, do not give enough consideration to national interests and public interests, and even make administrative decisions that violate these interests and legal procedures. As market-oriented reforms gradually deepen into monopolistic industries, the contradiction between departmental interests, industry interests and social public interests in related fields is becoming the focus of attention from all walks of life. In the current administrative management system, the same department has decision-making, execution and supervision functions, which easily strengthens the vested interests of the department and makes some administrative departments more attached to the administrative approval power than local governments. Due to the excessive administrative approval items set up for microeconomic activities, it is difficult to effectively curb systemic corruption, and it has even intensified in some places and departments.

——The relationship between central and local responsibilities and rights has not yet been straightened out. The current more prominent problems include: (1) The distribution relationship of national financial power between the central and local governments is still unreasonable. On the one hand, the financial resources at the central government's disposal are significantly lower than the average level abroad. Many places have misappropriated wages and pensions for construction and left outstanding debts to the central and provincial governments. This is not conducive to the central government's implementation of effective macroeconomic regulation and is not conducive to the economic and social development of underdeveloped areas through transfer payments. On the other hand, national tax legislative power is too concentrated in the central government, and the division of tax power lacks a stable legal basis, which inevitably leads to local governments changing national tax laws, exceeding their authority to reduce or reduce taxes, and abusing their charging rights. (2) In the process of decentralization, some powers that should be delegated to enterprises have not been implemented. Some of the autonomy granted by the central government to enterprises is often withheld by local governments. Many local governments are reluctant to delegate powers to enterprises and lag behind the central government in terms of separation of government and enterprises. (3) The framework of administrative centralization, decentralization and resumption of power has not yet been fundamentally broken through, and the framework for rationally dividing the economic functions, responsibilities and rights of the central and local governments according to the laws of market economy is still unclear. People are accustomed to thinking about problems according to the idea of ??"centralization first, decentralization later" under the planned economy, and have not yet established the concept of "decentralization first, centralization second" under the market economy. Most economic system reform plans and preferential policies formulated by the state are piloted according to administrative levels and administrative divisions and then gradually promoted, or their implementation is limited to certain administrative divisions. This often increases the administrative level. For example, the establishment of separately planned cities makes the relationship between the central and local governments more complicated. The central government's implementation of differential preferential policies for different regions is not conducive to strengthening regional economic ties and promoting coordinated regional development. Improper decentralization can easily lead to macroeconomic loss of control, widening regional disparities and the prevalence of local protectionism, which in turn may become an inducement for re-centralization.

——The unity and transparency of administration according to law are not high. First, the economic system reform process is not coordinated with the legislative process, which affects the effectiveness of law enforcement. At present, China has made great progress in formulating laws and regulations related to market entities, market behavior and macro-control. However, due to the incomplete transformation of the economic system and the transformation of government functions, the effect of law enforcement is often unsatisfactory. For example, the implementation of anti-unfair competition laws often encounters obstacles from administrative monopolies. Secondly, law enforcement lags behind legislation. There is a lack of strong supervision and restraint on non-compliance with the law, lax enforcement of laws and even failure to prosecute violations. The phenomenon of rule of man being greater than rule of law often occurs in many places, seriously damaging judicial independence and judicial impartiality. Once again, there are conflicts between departmental, local government regulations and even internal documents and national laws. In the practice of administrative law enforcement, there is a phenomenon that the authority of internal documents is greater than departmental regulations, and the authority of departmental regulations is greater than national laws. When some departments and local governments deal with conflicts and problems, they often rely on local internal documents and regulations before considering central government regulations, departmental rules and national laws. What's more, when hearing cases, some local courts base their judgments not on national laws and regulations but on internal documents or even the will of the chief. Such problems are often manifested in corporate restructuring and foreign-related economic disputes.

(4) New challenges posed to the Chinese government by joining the WTO

It should be said that in the complex environment of economic transition, the Chinese government’s functional transformation and institutional reform can achieve the existing results. Progress is not easy. The international community has also made positive comments on this. Various problems and contradictions existing in the reform are unavoidable to a certain extent and within a certain period of time, and can only be solved through further deepening of the reform.

China's accession to the WTO has put forward a series of new requirements and challenges for the government's role, and even stipulated a timetable for the progress of government reform in some aspects, which has greatly increased the urgency of accelerating government reform.

Joining the WTO is an independent and proactive choice made by the Chinese government and people. The reason for making this choice is based on the understanding of the laws of international economic development and the recognition and confidence in China's potential to participate in global economic competition. For China at this stage, the WTO and economic globalization are both double-edged swords, with both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, joining the WTO provides new opportunities for China's economic development. For example, China can seize the current opportunity of international industrial transfer, attract more multinational companies to invest in China, accelerate China's industrialization process, and improve its industrial structure; it can participate more deeply in the international division of labor and give full play to its actual and potential comparative advantages; it can Seize the opportunities brought by the new technological revolution, give full play to the advantages of latecomers, develop high-tech industries, and achieve leap-forward economic development. On the other hand, China faces severe challenges after joining the WTO. As the market is further open to the outside world, the domestic economy is bound to face strong competitive pressure from the international market. China's traditional superior products will be increasingly challenged by other developing countries in the international market. In attracting foreign investment, we face strong competition from neighboring countries. China committed to the obligation to open its market during the WTO accession negotiations. The strategy of "import substitution" and "export orientation" will be difficult to continue to implement as in the past. Some international research reports point out that in the late 1990s, China's economic competitiveness, instead of improving, actually declined. Whether China can effectively improve its economic competitiveness after joining the WTO will pose a severe test to China. After joining the WTO, it will have a more profound impact on China's current economic system, the most direct and prominent of which are the challenges faced by governments at all levels.

——Put forward new requirements for accelerating market-oriented reform. Joining the WTO is essentially participating in international economic competition in accordance with unified market economic rules. Whether it can promote the development of its own economy by further opening up the market and introducing competition depends on whether the domestic market mechanism can fully play its role. After more than 20 years of market-oriented reforms, China has initially established the framework of a market economy, but it is still lagging behind in the reform of state-owned enterprises and the establishment of a unified and open domestic market system. If reforms in these areas cannot be accelerated and achieve significant results, the expansion of open markets may suffer before reaping the benefits.

——It puts forward higher requirements for rationally grasping the process of market opening, seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, and achieving development through opening up. After joining the WTO, the Chinese government must fulfill its promised timetable for opening up the market. The issues involved include lowering tariffs, eliminating non-tariff barriers, liberalizing trade operation rights, opening up the service trade market, implementing national treatment for foreign investment, and strengthening intellectual property protection. wait. Most of these changes will be implemented before 2005, and time is tight. Market opening will introduce competitive pressure and help improve the efficiency of domestic resource allocation; however, opening up too quickly may also cause excessive impact on domestic industries, trigger some economic and social problems, and adversely affect the process of opening up and reform. This requires the government to accelerate domestic reforms before expanding opening up, improve the adaptability of domestic enterprises and markets to external shocks, and at the same time reasonably grasp the process of market opening, adopt effective measures to resolve conflicts that may arise from opening up the market, and minimize negative effects.

——It puts forward higher requirements for the government to maintain macroeconomic stability under opening conditions. After joining the WTO, China's economy has become more deeply integrated into the global economy. On the one hand, it can share more of the benefits of the global division of labor; on the other hand, it has become more vulnerable to impacts from abroad. Theoretically, it is difficult for a country's government to simultaneously take into account the three goals of independent monetary policy, fixed exchange rate, and free capital flow. Only when the government has a strong ability to stabilize the country's macroeconomy under open conditions can it create an environment for domestic enterprises. A relatively stable market environment. At the same time, in the face of various financial crises and economic crises with great uncertainty, the government is required to show stronger capabilities in crisis management and safeguarding national economic security.

——Putting forward new requirements for government management mechanisms. After joining the WTO, government agencies are required to be more streamlined and personnel more capable, decision-making more scientific, policies more transparent, integrity increased, and efficiency further improved. Only in this way can we create a "soft environment" that is conducive to enhancing China's economic competitiveness and put China in a favorable position in international economic competition and cooperation.

?At present, the four basic views on economic globalization in the world are: The first view is that economic globalization is the inevitable result of capital expansion. Therefore, the essence of economic globalization is capitalism, or even Americanization. It is a symbol of the final victory of American model capitalism in the world. This is the so-called "liberal" view;

The second view also believes that economic globalization is capitalistization and Americanization, so it is essentially Economic colonialism is a new stage in the development of imperialism, which must be resolutely criticized and opposed. This is the so-called "new Marxist" view or the "left" view;

The third is the skeptical view, historical The fact of so-called globalization does not appear. At best, it is just a high level of internationalization, that is, economic interaction between countries. Economic globalization is a myth of some theorists;

The fourth type The view is that globalization is the central force driving rapid socio-economic and political changes in the 21st century. These changes are reshaping the current world, but the future still depends on further changes, which is the famous "change theory".

Some developed countries sing the praises of economic globalization, thinking only of the opportunities that will lead them to greater prosperity, but fail to see the increasingly severe challenges to them. Some of these challenges are imminent, and some are seriously lurking. Let’s just say that the “North-South gap” between developing countries and developed countries is getting wider and wider. If it cannot be resolved in a timely and effective manner, what will it mean for the developed countries? First of all, poor developing countries will be unable to purchase products from developed countries, causing the global market to shrink. What real meaning does "trade liberalization" have? Poor countries always bring serious social conflicts and turmoil, thus deteriorating the investment environment. What is the substantive significance of "financial liberalization"? If developing countries, which account for more than two-thirds of the population, cannot participate, how can there be economic globalization? This will in turn restrict the economic development of developed countries and trigger a global economic crisis. In the global economic crisis, developed countries are not only unable to escape, but even if they are not the first to bear the brunt, they will inevitably suffer huge losses.

Secondly, the "North-South gap" is getting wider and wider, which means that the historical antagonism between colonies and colonialism will Reappear in a new form. In the context of economic globalization, turmoil in a poor country will cause turmoil in surrounding regions and even the world. What’s more serious is that wherever there is oppression, there is resistance. This is an iron law of history. The wave of opposition from poor developing countries to developed countries led by the United States will surely increase in waves, and class struggle will also move from domestic to globalization. , the era of peace and development will end and be replaced by a new round of revolution and war on a global scale. Even if a new world is born out of blood and fire, it will be an unprecedented disaster for mankind. In this sense, economic globalization is also a challenge to mankind, and all mankind should think deeply about this challenge.

With the rapid development of global trade and global production systems, as well as the continuous expansion of multinational companies and their capital, my country's national economy is facing increasing pressure and impact, and its dependence on developed countries Also growing. On the one hand, developed countries are not only the leaders and promoters of economic globalization and hold the initiative, but most of the existing international economic rules are formulated under the leadership of developed countries, and some rules are formulated in the absence of our country. , such as certain industrial rules, information technology product agreements and labor standards, etc., which determines that China has always been at a disadvantage compared with developed countries in the process of economic globalization. On the other hand, due to our country's unstable economic foundation, incomplete market development, relatively fragile economic structure, lack of funds, relatively backward technology, and serious brain drain, it is very vulnerable to the impact of economic globalization and domestic economic fluctuations. ?

Our country is also facing an embarrassing situation when solving global problems. On the one hand, we want to develop the economy and improve people's living standards, but on the other hand, we are accused by developed countries of destroying the environment. In fact, developed countries have surpassed the stage of industrialization and should be responsible for the results of environmental pollution that have occurred. At the same time, economic globalization has caused developed countries to transfer more and more labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries as well as industries that seriously damage the ecological environment to our country. Although in a sense, it can greatly develop my country's labor- and resource-intensive industries and accelerate its industrialization process, it will also pollute its good natural environment, destroy its balanced ecosystem, and destroy its resources. The waste phenomenon is quite serious, and the social burden cost is increasing day by day. More importantly, it does not help our country to develop high-tech industries and accelerate scientific and technological progress, thus affecting the development of our country and ultimately the sustainable development of the entire world.