Genghis Khan, whose name was Temujin, whose surname was Boerzhijin, Qiyan clan, was a Mongolian. The Yuan Dynasty caught up with the temple name Taizu. Genghis Khan was born into a Mongolian noble family. Genghis Khan unified all Mongolian tribes and played a progressive role in history. Conquering the Jin Dynasty and destroying the Xia Dynasty laid the foundation for the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty. He has excellent military ability. Strategically, he attaches great importance to uniting the distant and attacking the near, and strives to avoid making too many enemies. The use of troops pays attention to tactics such as detailed exploration of the enemy's situation, division and encirclement, long-range surprise attacks, feigning retreat to lure the enemy, and annihilating the enemy on the move. It is known in history as "profound and broad, and the use of troops is like a god." On the other hand, the battle was characterized by barbarism and cruelty, with large-scale massacres of residents and destruction of towns and fields, which were very destructive. In the 13th century, the major feudal countries were in serious social crisis, and they launched large-scale military campaigns for Genghis Khan...
Chronicles of Genghis Khan's life
About 1170, his father Yesugei was poisoned by the Tatars After his death, Yesugei's widow Yuelun led Temujin and his brothers through several years of difficult life. The difficult and dangerous experiences in his youth cultivated Temujin's perseverance and courage.
After the death of the Mongolian leader Kudura Khan, most of the Mongolian tribes were under the control of Jamukha. Temujin took refuge in Jamukha, and later broke away from Jamukha to establish his own Orudo.
About the 1280s, Temujin became Khan. Jamuka led 13 tribes including Zadalan and Taichiwu to attack. Temujin divided his troops into 13 wings to fight. However, they were defeated due to lack of strength. This is known as the Battle of Thirteen Wings in history.
In 1196, Temujin and Klebtuli Khan sent troops and funds to defeat the Tatars at the Orizha River (now the Ulji River in Eastern Province, Mongolia). Temujin and Wang Khan joined forces to attack the ancient Naiman tribe. On the way back, they met the Naiman headquarters again. King Khan was defeated. Because there were many Mongolian tribesmen at Wang Khan's place, Temujin was afraid that they would be annexed by the Naiman and would be detrimental to him, so he sent the four heroes Borshu, Muhuali, Borhu, and Chilaowen to lead troops to rescue them. King Khan drove back the barbarians. Temujin was good at taking advantage of contradictions in tribal wars, manipulating both sides and sides, and gradually got rid of his subordinate status to Wang Khan.
From 1201 to 1202, Temujin and Wang Khan joined forces and won the battle with the Jamuka Alliance (the tribal alliance of Tatar, Naiman and other tribes), and Jamuka surrendered to Wang Khan.
In 1204, Temujin destroyed Orudo of the Naiman Sun Khan and became the largest ruler on the Mongolian Plateau.
In 1206, Temujin held the Khuritai Conference at the source of the Onan River (now the Onen River in Mongolia), which was the Great Khan of Mongolia, named Genghis Khan. A unique Mongolian nation began to form, and Genghis Khan played a positive historical role in this.
In 1205, 1207 and 1209, Genghis Khan invaded Xixia three times. Xixia had no choice but to accept her daughter and ask for peace.
In 1211, he led an army south to attack Jin.
In 1215, the Mongolian army occupied Zhongdu, eliminated the Jin defenders in western Liaoning, and captured Beijing (in the west of today's Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia).
In 1218, the Western Liao Dynasty was destroyed.
In 1219, Genghis Khan led an army of 200,000 to the west and launched a war of aggression against Khwarezm.
In 1220, Genghis Khan captured cities such as Buyara, Khwarazm's new capital Samalgan (today's Samarkand, Uzbekistan) and other cities. Jebie and Subutai led their troops to continue their westward invasion, reaching as far as the Crimean Peninsula.
In 1221, Tolei occupied the entire territory of Khorasan. Genghis Khan pursued Xinsuanzhalanding to the Indus River, but returned without capture.
In 1222, Daruhuachi was placed under supervision in the occupied area.
In 1223, he also spread sesame seeds and stayed in the winter, and set off to return to the country the next year.
In 1226, Genghis Khan went to Xixia. Xixia died the next year.
On the twelfth day of the seventh lunar month in 1227, Genghis Khan died of illness. Before his death, he proposed the strategy of uniting with the Song Dynasty to destroy the Jin Dynasty.
Genghis Khan (1162～1227)
That is, Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty. The founding Khan of Mongolia (reigned from 1206 to 1227). Outstanding military strategist and politician. His name was Temujin, Mongolian, and the Borzhijin clan. His real name is Temujin, and he is from the Borzhijin clan and is of Mongolian ethnicity. Born in 1162 and died in 1227. In 1206, he ascended the throne as the Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongolian Empire and unified the various tribes of Mongolia. During his reign, he launched many aggressive wars and conquered areas as far as the Black Sea coast in the west and almost all of East Asia in the east. He became one of the famous great empires spanning Europe and Asia in world history. Temujin was born into a noble family of the Mongolian Qiyan tribe. The sixth generation ancestor Haidu, the great ancestor Dunbinai, the great ancestor Ge Buluhan and the great ancestor An Bahai were all prominent figures or leaders in the Mongolian tribe; my father Yesu should have the title of Batu (warrior). At that time, there were more than a hundred tribes on the Mobei Plateau, fighting against each other. When Temujin was born, his father captured Temujin, the leader of the Tatar tribe, in battle. To commemorate his military exploits, he was named this. When Temujin was 9 years old, his father was poisoned by the Tatar tribe. The tribe was separated and he lived with his widowed mother Yuelun. He was captured by other tribes and almost killed, but he escaped with his cleverness. A little longer, he attached himself to Tuoli (later known as King Khan), the most powerful leader of the Kle tribe in the Mongolian Plateau, and respected him as his father, and was able to gather his father's old tribe; brothers) and gradually develop their power. In order to avenge the Mierqi tribe's robbery of their wives, Wang Khan and Jamuka were asked to send troops. Their combined troops numbered tens of thousands, and they suddenly attacked the Mierqi tribe, killed many enemies, and recaptured their wives.
In the last years of Dading in the Jin Dynasty, he moved his camp to the upper reaches of the Qinglulian River (today's Kerulun River), established an independent account, made many allies, selected talented people, and treated others leniently. This attracted many Mongolian tribesmen and Qiyan nobles to join him, and he was promoted as the leader of the Qing Dynasty. Khan. Around the end of Dading in the Jin Dynasty or the beginning of Changchang in the Ming Dynasty, Jamuka turned against him and led 13 coalition forces of 30,000 people to attack. Temujin summoned 30,000 troops from various tribes and divided them into 13 wings (wings, meaning battalions or circles) to fight. They were defeated. The troops retreated, known in history as the Battle of the Thirteen Wings. Because Temujin was good at winning people's hearts, Jamuka's tribe rebelled one after another and strengthened his power. In the first year of Cheng'an (1196), together with Wang Khan, he cooperated with Jin Prime Minister Wan Yanxiang to kill many people below the minister of Tata'er Department, and was awarded the title of Zhawuhuli (tribal official) by the Jin Dynasty. Then he joined forces with Wang Khan and defeated 11 coalition forces including Hadjin who were meeting for an alliance. In the first year of Taihe (1201), he led his army to break the loose alliance of Jamuka organization. The following year, they were attacked by the Naiman coalition forces and retreated into the Phnom Penh Wall. They defeated the Naiman coalition forces in the wilderness of Kuoyitian (the upper reaches of the present-day Halaha River) and took advantage of the victory to attack and destroy the four tribes of Tata'er. As his power grew stronger, Wang Khan became jealous and hostile. Three years later, he was attacked by Wang Khan and fled to the Banjuni River (southwest of today's Hulun Lake). He drank turbid water and swore an oath with his followers to tide over the difficulties. Then they moved to the middle reaches of the Heluhe (Hahaha) River and collected 4,600 (some say 2,600) remaining cavalry from the disbanded tribe. After resting and recuperating, they gradually regained their strength. Later, it was discovered that Wang Khan was arrogant and unprepared, so he attacked Wang Khan's camp at night and routed his troops. Wang Khan fled alone and was hunted and killed by the Naiman people. The Kelie tribe was killed. In the fourth year, Yongxue (Guard Army) was established. Soon, Taiyang Khan, the leader of the Naiman tribe, came to attack. He cleverly set up a suspicious formation, captured and killed Taiyang Khan, conquered his tribe, and forced Hatajin, Duoluban and other tribes to surrender. By the first year of Genghis Khan (1206), more than a hundred large and small tribes on the Mongolian plateau had been defeated one after another, and the five major tribes of Tataer, Kelei, Merqi, Naiman and Mongolia were unified under the banner of Temujin. Temujin then held a large gathering at the source of the Onon River (today's Onon River), established Yeke Mongol Uluth (Great Mongol Kingdom), and was revered as Genghis Khan (the name has "ocean" or "powerful"). meaning of the emperor). Expand Qixue to ten thousand people and call it the Great Central Army. The people were organized into a thousand-household system with soldiers and civilians as one. When they mounted their horses, they prepared for battle, and when they dismounted, they gathered for herding. The "four heroes" Borhu, Borshu, Mu Huali and Chi Laowen were appointed as the four timid Xue leaders. After the founding of the country by Genghis Khan, his power grew stronger and he began to launch large-scale wars with foreign countries. After more than twenty years of war between Mongolia and Xia, the main force of the Xia army was repeatedly defeated, forcing the king of Xixia to surrender, removing the northwest barrier of the Jin Dynasty, and being able to successfully move south to attack the Jin Dynasty. In the sixth year, he personally led an army to attack the Jin Dynasty and began the 24-year Mongolian-Jin Dynasty War. The first battle was at Wushabao (now northwest of Zhangbei, Hebei) and he won a victory; he then fought at Yehuling (now northwest of Wanquan, Hebei) and Huihebao (now southeast of Huai'an), annihilating a large number of elite Jin troops; and he fought again at Huailai (now in Hebei). ), Jinshan (now Yanqing, Beijing), defeated more than 100,000 Jin troops; they also severely damaged the Jin army in Tokyo (now Liaoyang, Liaoning), Xijing (now Datong, Shanxi), Juyongguan and other places. Later, he continued to change his tactics and divided his troops into three groups to attack the hinterland of the Central Plains and the western Liaoning region. In March of the ninth year, troops were gathered under the city of Zhongdu (now Beijing). It was expected that it would be difficult to conquer the city for a while, so he sent envoys to force peace, forcing the Jin Dynasty to sacrifice the princess of Qi State, gold and silk and horses, and led the troops to withdraw from Juyong Pass. In June, under the pretext of "breach of contract" due to the Jin Dynasty moving the capital to Nanjing (today's Kaifeng, Henan), and taking advantage of the unrest in the hearts of the people of the Jin Dynasty and the mutiny of the army to subjugate Mongolia, he sent the generals Sanmo to join Batu and Shimo Ming'an to lead the army. He joined forces with the surrendering Mongolian troops to attack Zhongdu, and adopted the strategy of besieging the city for reinforcements and recruiting surrender, and captured the city in May of the following year. In order to meet the needs of siege, Genghis Khan adopted the advice of his generals and gradually established an artillery army. The first priority was to attack the city with artillery and stone. Later, in siege operations, hundreds of cannons were used at one time, and the city was quickly broken. At the same time, we attach great importance to absorbing the advanced technologies of various ethnic groups and recruiting craftsmen, tens of thousands of whom can be obtained in one city. Later, an army of craftsmen was established and factories were set up to smelt iron and make weapons. In communication and communication, the "Arrow Speed ????Transmission Cavalry" was created, with speeds of hundreds of miles per day, and the speed of military order transmission and troop deployment was accelerated. He is good at giving full play to the strength of the cavalry, making the Mongolian cavalry as fast as soaring and as powerful as a mountain. It is known as the "Mongolian whirlwind". In the twelfth year of his reign, Genghis Khan made Hua Li the grand master and king, commanded the war against Jin, and led the main force back to Mongolia to prepare for the Western Expedition. The following year, he sent the vanguard general Zhebie to destroy Qu Chulu's forces in the Western Liao Dynasty and clear the obstacles to the Western Expedition. In the fourteenth year, on the pretext that the Khwarezm Kingdom in the Western Regions killed Mongolian merchants and envoys, and with the purpose of military expansion and plundering property, he personally led an army of about 200,000 to march westward. In the past few years, they have successively conquered places such as Nadala (in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya River today), Bukhara and Samarkand. He sent Zhebie and Subotai to lead an army to pursue King Mahamo of Khwarezm, forcing him to flee to a small island in the Jisi Sea (today's Caspian Sea) in Kuantian (he later died of illness). He then ordered Jebie and Subotai to continue marching westward as far as the Crimean Peninsula. He then led an army to pursue Zalandin, the son of Mahamo, to the Shen River (Indus River). In the 19th year, the class teacher returned to Mobei. In the twenty-first year, he led an army of 100,000 to annihilate the main force of the Xixia army (Xixia was destroyed the following year). Genghis Khan was about to concentrate all his efforts on attacking gold. He died of illness in Qingshui County (now part of Gansu) under Liupan Mountain on July 12, 1227 (August 25, 1227) at the age of 66. Last will and testament: Take advantage of the feud between the Song and Jin Dynasties, take advantage of the Song Dynasty, and unite with the Song Dynasty to destroy the Jin Dynasty. His sons Wo Kuotai and Tuo Lei followed this policy and destroyed the Jin Dynasty in the sixth year of Wo Kuotai Khan (1234). Genghis Khan's military career lasted nearly 50 years. He used his talents and strategies, relied on a group of generals and counselors who were good at fighting, and took advantage of the cavalry to create world-shaking achievements. He was good at running the army. The Mongolian army he founded and commanded was well-trained and disciplined. He was good at field battles and capable of attacking fortresses.
In the face of numerous enemies, he is good at using contradictions to attack each other and defeat them one by one; in terms of tactics, he is good at exploiting strengths and avoiding weaknesses, skillfully using deception, avoiding the real and striking at the weak, attacking from multiple directions, making roundabout raids, and winning battles quickly. Pay attention to fighting to support war. His military thought and command art have an important position in the world's military history and have a great influence on future generations. Genghis Khan is an outstanding figure in the history of the development of the Chinese nation. The military conquests of Genghis Khan and his descendants overcame the artificial obstacles to land transportation between the East and the West at that time, greatly promoted cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and promoted the progress of human civilization. In the east, Genghis Khan and his descendants overcame the separation and confrontation between several regimes in mainland China since the Tang Dynasty, and finally established the basic territory of modern China. Therefore, Chairman Mao Zedong, in his poem "Qinyuanchun·Snow", juxtaposed Genghis Khan with the Qin Dynasty's First Emperor, Han Dynasty Emperor Wu, Tang Dynasty Emperor Taizong, and Song Dynasty Emperor Taizu, who were outstanding martial arts emperors.