(1) Silver has become the main currency: since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, silver from America and other places has flowed in in large quantities through overseas trade, which has promoted the development of long-distance and high-value trade and is also conducive to the accumulation of commercial capital.

(2) The emergence of business gangs: People in some places are famous for doing business, forming powerful merchant groups, such as Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants.

(3) Development of industrial and commercial towns: A large number of industrial and commercial towns with economic functions have emerged in developed industrial and commercial areas and transportation hubs, which are active in business and densely populated, and have become the core of regional trade networks. (Jingdezhen, Zhuxian Town, Foshan Town and Hankou Town).

1. Background: Urban commodity economy is prosperous, social and recreational activities are abundant, and cultural knowledge is further popularized.

2. Novel

(1) At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, The Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which were created by Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong respectively on the basis of Song and Yuan Dynasties, were the first two vernacular novels in China, which created the writing style of parallel prose.

(2) Wu Cheng'en in the mid-Ming Dynasty and The Journey to the West in the Qing Dynasty are the representative works of mythical novels and satirical novels respectively.

(3) A Dream of Red Mansions is a novel written by Cao Xueqin in the mid-Qing Dynasty, which vividly reproduces many aspects of political, economic, cultural and social life at that time. It is the peak of China classical realistic literature and a world-famous masterpiece.