1. The impairment provision includes eight categories: short-term investment impairment provision, long-term investment impairment provision, fixed assets impairment provision, inventory impairment provision, construction in progress impairment provision, intangible assets impairment provision, bad debt provision and entrusted loan impairment provision.

2. For example, if there is an inventory of 50,000 yuan, the actual value is only 30,000 yuan after the impairment test. At this time, 20,000 yuan is included in the credit of inventory depreciation reserve and the debit of management fee. The net inventory is only 30000.

3. The impairment test you mentioned is simply the process of comparing the book value of each asset with the actual value.

4. Whether something is worth it is not an absolute concept. As the impairment reserve can be reversed, the accrual process is reversible.

Two. What is the measure of loan impairment?

Loan-What is the impairment subject-Loan impairment reserve

"Loan impairment provision" refers to the bad debt provision made by banks for loans in response to changes in market environment, customer debt repayment, five-level classification of loans and other factors. At present, the CBRC has no rigid requirement on the proportion of loan impairment provision for the balance of bank loans in the Mainland, but it is generally not less than 65,438+0% of the balance of loans.

3. What does impairment provision mean?

1. Short-term investment depreciation reserve. Short-term investment in the circulation of enterprises should be measured according to the lower of investment cost and market price. For the part where the market price is lower than the cost, short-term investment impairment reserve can be accrued. If the short-term investment of unlisted circulation of an enterprise has not been recovered at the end of the accounting period, depreciation may be accrued. If the short-term investment is overdue for 65,438+0 to 2 years and there is no market price, the impairment reserve of 65,438+00% to 30% may be withdrawn; If there is a market price, depreciation shall be accrued according to the lower of investment cost and market price.

Second, provision for bad debts. An enterprise shall, after making a specific assessment of the recovery possibility of accounts receivable (including accounts receivable and other receivables), adopt the method of combining aging analysis with individual identification to determine the specific accrual standard. For example, the accounts receivable of transportation enterprises can be set aside from 0% to 5% for bad debts from 3 months to 1 year.

3. Inventory depreciation reserve. The inventory of an enterprise can be measured according to the lower of the cost and the net realizable value, and the part of the net realizable value lower than the cost is provided with inventory depreciation reserve.

4. Provision for impairment of long-term investment. Where the market price of the long-term equity investment of an enterprise is lower than the book value for two years or the trading is suspended for more than 65,438+0 years, the impairment reserve may be withdrawn, whichever is lower. When an enterprise's long-term equity investment without market price has seriously deteriorated, or has been cleaned up, rectified and liquidated, or can no longer bring economic benefits to investors in essence, the enterprise shall make provision for impairment after obtaining conclusive evidence. Long-term bond investments listed and circulated can be depreciated according to the difference between the market price of a single investment and the cost; If the unlisted long-term creditor's rights investment cannot be recovered at the end of the accounting period, the impairment reserve can be accrued according to the overdue principal and interest. In case of overdue 1 to 2 years, 30% to 50% of long-term investment impairment reserve can be withdrawn.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) entrusted loan impairment reserve. The entrusted loan of an enterprise shall be measured according to the lower of the principal of the entrusted loan and the recoverable amount, and the impairment reserve shall be accrued according to the difference between the recoverable amount and the principal. For overdue entrusted loans, provision for impairment shall be made according to the length of overdue period. Loans overdue 1 to 3 years, 30% to 50% of entrusted loan impairment reserve can be withdrawn.

Intransitive verb fixed assets impairment reserve. The fixed assets of an enterprise can be measured according to the book value of the fixed assets or the recoverable amount, which is lower, and the impairment reserve is accrued according to the difference between the recoverable amount and the book value. For the recoverable amount, the judgment is based on the internal or external independent evaluation report provided by professionals in relevant technical and management departments.

Seven. Provision for impairment of construction in progress. The construction in progress of an enterprise can be measured according to the book value of the construction in progress or the recoverable amount, which is lower, and the impairment reserve is accrued according to the difference between the recoverable amount and the book value. The construction in progress is based on the project budget, progress, expected completion degree provided by the engineering technical department and the appraisal data of relevant technical management departments, as the basis for drawing impairment reserve.

Eight. Provision for impairment of intangible assets. The intangible assets of an enterprise shall be measured according to the book value of the intangible assets or the recoverable amount, which is lower, and the impairment reserve shall be accrued according to the difference between the recoverable amount and the book value. When intangible assets have been replaced by other new technologies, or have exceeded the legal protection period, or have substantially lost their use value and transfer value, impairment reserves must be accrued or transferred to current profits and losses.

Now the new standard does not allow provision for bad debts.

Four. What is the measure of loan impairment?

The loan impairment provision in the Guidelines for the Provision of Loan Loss is based on the five-level classification of loans, which stipulates the provision ratio of loan impairment provision: the year-end balance of general loans shall not be less than 65,438+0% of the year-end loan balance, the provision ratio of concerned loans shall be 2%, the provision ratio of subordinated loans shall be 50%, and the loss shall be 65,438+000%, among which the subordinated and doubtful loans may fluctuate by 20%.

"Recognition and measurement of financial instruments" adopts single impairment test to make provision for impairment respectively. In practice, the loan future cash flow discount model tests the impairment of loans one by one, and makes provision for impairment according to the calculation results. Portfolio impairment test means that banks use transfer matrix model to treat loans with similar characteristics as a whole and calculate loan portfolio on the basis of loan rating analysis.

At present, China's commercial banks are still based on the five-level classification of loans when preparing. First, banks divide loans into corporate loans, retail loans and credit card loans. For normal and concerned loans in corporate loans, the bank calculates the ratio of loan migration to subcategories as the loan default rate, then calculates the expected loss rate, and calculates the portfolio impairment reserve according to this ratio. For subprime and doubtful loans, the impairment provision is made by single test method. For subprime and doubtful loans that are lower than the standard of a single major loan, commercial banks generally withdraw the combined impairment reserve according to the weighted average proportion of their individual assessment reserves. For loss-making loans, the full reserve shall be withdrawn according to the ratio of 100%. At present, China's commercial banks take150,000 yuan as the standard when determining a single major loan, some banks take 5 million yuan as the standard, some banks are single major loans, and some banks do not.

For the combination of retail loan and credit card, the expected loss of the loan is calculated and the impairment reserve is accrued through the transfer matrix model. According to historical data, in the process of moving from the current five-level classification to the loss category, commercial banks calculate the mobility of all kinds of loans at the next level, and the product of the mobility of all the loans at the next level from the current five-level classification to the loss category is the default rate (PD). Then, after losing the loan, the bank gets the loss rate before the loan (LGD). Finally, the bank multiplies the balance of each type of loan by the default rate empirical data required for non-portfolio impairment, which mainly depends on the statistical analysis of the actual loss data of similar loans by the credit risk manager.