2004 is the 0/00th anniversary of the successful introduction of natural rubber/KLOC-in China. 1904, Mr. An Ren, a democratic revolutionary who was praised by Dr. Sun Yat-sen as a "frontier warrior" and a chieftain in Ganya, Yunnan Province, bought more than 8,000 tropical saplings of Brazilian trefoil gum from Singapore and planted them in Fenghuang Mountain, Xincheng Township, Yingjiang County, Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province. At present, one is still alive. The successful introduction of Brazil Trifoliate Rubber Tree laid the foundation for the development of natural rubber industry in China, so Yunnan became the earliest natural rubber introduction place in China.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, all kinds of undertakings are waiting to flourish. Rubber is an important strategic material for national defense and industrial construction. But as of 195 1, the annual output of dry rubber in China is less than 200 tons. Far from meeting the needs of national defense and industrial construction, foreign hostile forces blocked and embargoed us. In order to meet the needs of national defense and industrial construction, 195 1, 3 1, the State Council, the central people's government, made the "Decision on Expanding Rubber Tree Planting" at the 1 00th meeting in the State Council, calling for expanding rubber planting as soon as possible, including developing it in Yunnan. Since then, Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation has taken on the historical mission of developing rubber planting. Demobilized officers and soldiers, scientific and technological personnel, returned overseas Chinese and their relatives, urban youth, border farmers, more than 20 nationalities and hundreds of thousands of people participated in the creation and construction of this great cause. In the past 50 years, through the development and construction of three generations of rubber growers, 40 state-owned farms have been established in 7 States (cities) and 27 counties in southern and southwestern Yunnan, of which 26 farms mainly deal in natural rubber. By 2003, the total planting area of natural rubber in the province reached 3,633,900 mu. The rubber planting area of Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation is 6.5438+0.8093 million mu, and the private rubber planting area is 6.5438+0.8253 million mu; The total natural rubber production area of the province is1845,300 mu, and the total dry rubber production is 223,400 tons, with an average yield per mu of 12 1 kg, of which the total rubber production area of Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation is10/056 mu and the total dry rubber production is1456 mu. Moreover, the rubber planting technology is advanced, the characteristics are obvious, the output per unit area reaches the world advanced level, the direct production cost is low, and the products are competitive in the market. Yunnan has become the best natural rubber production base in China and even in the world.
In 2003, the world output of natural rubber was 7,535,700 tons, and that of China was 566,000 tons, accounting for 7.5% of the world output, ranking fifth after Thailand, Indonesia, India and Malaysia. The output per unit area of natural rubber in the world is 60.67kg/ mu, and the main producing country with the highest output per unit area is C? te d 'Ivoire, which is known as the "king of rubber in the world" with11kg/mu, and China ranks fourth with 87.3kg/ mu. In 2003, the output per unit area of Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation was 127.36 kg/mu. Among them, since 1993, the yield per mu in Xishuangbanna reclamation area has exceeded 100 kg for eleven consecutive years, and it has exceeded 1 30 kg in recent two years. Yunnan agricultural reclamation has been in the leading position in the world for ten years.
Second, Yunnan's advantages in developing natural rubber industry
(A) unique natural conditions
Yunnan's natural rubber industry develops in areas that foreign scholars think cannot be planted with rubber. Foreign rubber planting authorities believe that rubber trees are only suitable for planting in tropical areas within south latitude 10 and north latitude 15. The Encyclopedia Britannica wrote: "Rubber trees only grow in tropical areas with clear boundaries-about south latitude 10 degrees or equatorial north latitude ..." Some experts asserted that "glue cannot be planted north of north latitude 17 degrees." Southern Yunnan lies at 2 1- 125 degrees north latitude. After 50 years' hard exploration, Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation broke through the forbidden zone by science and technology and built a world-class natural rubber base. However, we should also see that the geographical conditions in southern Yunnan have their own characteristics. From the macro-environment, Yunnan reclamation area is far from the equator and located on the northern edge of the tropics, with a planting area as high as 24 degrees north latitude. However, due to the topographic conditions in Yunnan, the redistribution of meteorological elements has changed. There are tall mountains in the northern part of Yunnan Plateau, forming a barrier against the invasion of cold air. The elevation in the south gradually decreases, and the terrain spreads like a broom, so that the warm air flow can directly drive in, resulting in zonal changes in the geographical distribution of climate, so that the northern edge of the tropics extends all the way in. Its two sides are adjacent to the sea, backed by the plateau and located inland, so there is abundant rain, light energy and heat, and there is no typhoon. In addition, the soil layer is deep and fertile, and the daily temperature difference is large, which makes the natural environmental conditions of the main rubber planting areas in Yunnan reclamation area superior to the whole country.
(two) a good industrial base, technology, organization and talent advantages.
Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation adheres to the road of combining scientific research with production, from the research on rubber to the research on other tropical cash crops, agriculture and animal husbandry, machinery, chemical industry, medical treatment and other industries. * * * has made more than 340 scientific research achievements, which has effectively promoted the development of productive forces.
In rubber research, it has successfully broken through the traditional rubber planting areas in the world and realized the rubber moving northward. Hevea brasiliensis is a typical tropical tree species, native to the tropical rain forest in the Amazon River basin. In order to solve the problem of cold resistance and high yield of rubber planting in Yunnan, a set of comprehensive cultivation techniques for cold resistance and high yield of rubber trees with Yunnan characteristics were summarized through long-term experimental research and practice. It mainly includes: the selection of suitable forest land and the division of environmental types; The basic construction technology of combining engineering measures with biological measures in mountain rubber garden: selecting, cultivating and popularizing improved varieties; Glue planting should be combined with environment, varieties and measures; Comprehensive control technology of rubber tree diseases: high-yield tapping technology of rubber tree in Yunnan. This comprehensive technology laid the foundation of Yunnan rubber base and created a miracle in the history of rubber planting in the world. Its all-round promotion has not only successfully planted rubber trees in Yunnan high-altitude mountainous areas on the northern edge of the tropics, but also become a high-yield area in China, reaching the world advanced level. The successful planting of rubber trees in Yunnan is an important part of rubber tree planting technology in China. 1982 Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation Bureau, South China Institute of Thermal Engineering, Guangdong Agricultural Reclamation Bureau, Guangxi Agricultural Reclamation Bureau and relevant units of Chinese Academy of Sciences won the first prize of national invention. The comprehensive technology of large-area high-yield rubber tree in Yunnan reclamation area won the first prize of Yunnan Science and Technology Progress 1995, the second prize of National Science and Technology Progress 1996 and the "Yilida Science and Technology Award". The introduction, breeding and large-scale popularization and application of excellent clones of rubber trees have won the first prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award 1999 by Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation Bureau, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences and Hainan and Guangdong Agricultural Reclamation Bureaus.
Since the country began to reward scientific research achievements, Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation has won 38 national, ministerial and provincial awards in microclimate research, rubber breeding, cultivation, plant protection, rubber tapping, processing and comprehensive utilization. Among them, there are 6 national awards, 22 ministerial awards at 1' 0 and 22 provincial awards. There are also a large number of scientific research achievements awarded at the prefecture (office) level. The popularization and application of these achievements laid a foundation for the construction of rubber high-yield base and the development of rubber industry in Yunnan.
After nearly 50 years of entrepreneurship and rubber base construction, Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation not only cultivated a team of management cadres with good ideological and professional qualities, but also cultivated and created a team of scientific and technological cadres and workers with good professional qualities. Through practice, they are not only familiar with rubber production, but also master advanced science and technology. More importantly, they love agriculture and rubber industry, are not afraid of difficulties, and have the tradition of hard struggle and pioneering spirit. It is their hard work and creation that has enabled Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation to develop to today's scale, and successfully established a high-yield base in china rubber in a high-altitude non-traditional rubber planting area in southern Yunnan, creating a miracle in the history of rubber planting in the world. For more than 50 years, they have supported and helped each other with the people of all ethnic groups in the border areas and established a profound friendship, which is an important factor for the stability and prosperity of the border areas. This team is not only a valuable asset for the future economic development and rubber base construction of Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation, but also an important force to drive and promote the economic development of border ethnic areas.
State-owned farms are the dominant and main form of production organization, and they have the embryonic form of agricultural industrialization development from the beginning. This organizational form ensures that the production of natural rubber in our province has a high level of improved seed application, cultivation management, rubber tapping technology and product quality. Since the construction of the base, specialized institutions such as rubber research, popularization, survey and design, teaching and quality management have been established in the reclamation area, and remarkable achievements have been made in rubber breeding, rubber tapping physiology research, rubber tapping system reform, pest control, rubber making technology research and new variety research and development.
(3) Low direct production cost and strong market competitiveness.
Since 1994, Yunnan reclamation area has achieved high and stable yield in a large area for ten consecutive years, with the average yield per mu exceeding120kg. This high-yield advantage will inevitably bring low-cost and high-efficiency enterprise management effect, and the market competitive advantage is obvious. At present, the cost per ton of rubber in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and other major rubber producing countries is 660-700 US dollars, equivalent to 5478-58 10 yuan, and the cost per ton of rubber in India is as high as 900 US dollars. However, the direct cost per ton of rubber in Yunnan agricultural reclamation enterprises is below 4000 yuan, which is obviously lower than the foreign level. With the further popularization and application of the new technology of high yield, high efficiency and low frequency rubber extraction in reclamation areas, the state exempted the special agricultural and forestry tax on natural rubber production from June 65438+1 October 2004 to agricultural tax, which can further reduce the direct production cost. Moreover, through the establishment of Yunnan Natural Rubber Industry Co., Ltd., the main and auxiliary industries are separated, the superior resources are integrated, hospitals, primary and secondary schools are handed over to local governments, the social burden of enterprises is stripped off, and the three expenses of production, living and social security are widely implemented, and contracting, accounting, risk and profit and loss are "four households", planting plan, product acquisition, technical measures, quality standards and pest control are widely implemented.
Three, Yunnan natural rubber industry development prospects
Natural rubber, steel, petroleum and coal are also called the four strategic industrial raw materials. In recent years, with the acceleration of industrialization in various countries in the world, global rubber consumption has soared. At the beginning of last century, the annual consumption of rubber in the world was only 50,000 tons, 1950 was 2.5 million tons, 1980 was13.5 million tons, and in 2000 it exceeded 35- "tons (including synthetic rubber1100000 tons). Natural rubber has the unique characteristics of high elasticity, high strength, high elongation, wear resistance, tear resistance, impact resistance, oil resistance, acid and alkali resistance, corrosion resistance, cushioning, good adhesion, good insulation, strong sealing and easy processing, which is irreplaceable by other materials, involving all sectors of the national economy and infiltrating into all fields of people's production and life.
Natural rubber is a typical tropical and subtropical crop. Due to the limitation of geographical distribution, natural rubber has become a resource-constrained industry, which has attracted close attention from all sides. According to the International Rubber Research Organization, the global natural rubber supply has been in short supply since 2000. In 2003, the international supply of natural rubber was 640,000 tons, in 2004 it was 780,000 tons, and in 2006 it was 6,543,800 tons. During the three years from 2004 to 2006, the contradiction between supply and demand will be further expanded10000.0000100000003 With China's entry into WTO, global economic integration and steady growth of national economy, the domestic demand for natural rubber will rise rapidly. Natural rubber has a broad market space at home and abroad.
Natural rubber is considered to be the best artificial ecosystem in the world to develop tropical areas. Natural rubber forest is a kind of pollution-free and renewable natural resource, which has a unique function of soil and water conservation. The afforestation effect far exceeds that of tropical cash crops such as sugarcane and tea, and it has good ecological benefits.
At present, the natural rubber industry has been listed as one of the five specific action plans in the western development plan and the national agricultural reclamation action plan. Yunnan natural rubber was formally incorporated into the scope of integration and reorganization of dominant industries and key industries in Yunnan 10 by the CPC Central Committee and the provincial government, and the natural rubber industry was clearly included in the biological innovation project, and it was taken as a project to build a strong green economy. Yunnan Natural Rubber Industrial Rubber Co., Ltd. was approved as the key leading enterprise of national agricultural industrialization. Yunnan will first integrate the internal rubber resources of Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation, then integrate the resources of the whole province, and implement the "going out" development strategy through international cooperation to further enlarge and strengthen Yunnan's natural rubber industry!