We are no strangers to Lin Siniang. Anyone who has seen A Dream of Red Mansions will remember that this "general" is written in Chapter 78. Cao Xueqin used a long space to describe the heroine, saying that Lin Siniang's story was a "long story" with "romantic feelings and loyal feelings", which not only made Jia Baoyu read his novel in front of many die-hard fans, but also another writer in Qing Dynasty, Pu Songling, wrote the short story Lin Siniang, which was included in the third volume of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. There are Wang Shizhen's My Talk in Chibi, Lin Yunming's Story of Lin Siniang, Women's Collection, Lu Zengjian's Poems Left by Guo Chaoshan, Genzhai's Essays, Yuan Zhiyuan's Youth League Legacy and Qiu's Youth League Legacy.
According to relevant historical records, Lin Sinian should be in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, because in the early or middle Qing dynasty, Lin Sinian had a high reputation in the social or cultural circles. According to the description in "Burning Fat Collection", Lin Mu is not only beautiful, but also skilled in martial arts. After the death of her husband Wang Heng, she bravely stood up and led the Wang Fu family to fight against the "rogue remnants" and finally "died at the hands of the king". She is a martyr to the core. However, in the official history, this figure is missing. Neither A Dream of Red Mansions nor Biography of Women in the Ming Dynasty recorded Lin Nian's deeds. The Grand View of unofficial history in Qing Dynasty 12 has no entries. It seems that Lin Sinian's character may be false.
The origin of Lin Sinian is described in the book. He is the favorite of Wang Heng, the favorite of Wang Heng and the first minister of Zhu Ji. I don't know which dynasty it was. In 200 AD, Mother Lin was a maid-in-waiting and her master became a constant king. She just said that in the face of the drastic changes in Fu Heng, she was still a 17-year-old virgin. When her ghost interacted with Chen Baoji on Qingzhou Road, it played "the voice of national subjugation", but she avoided talking about national subjugation. However, although Heng Wang became Heng Wang, he was homophonic and obviously a person. Wang Shizhen, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty, made a further account of Lin Sinian's life story in Biography of Qing Women. In this paper, Lin Sinian introduced himself to Chen Baoji and said:
My concubine was born in Jinling because she lives in the palace. Wang once recruited his daughter into the harem and spoiled this peerless generation. Unfortunately, he died young and was buried in the palace. A few years later, the country collapsed and went to the north. My soul still loves the old market. There is no one in the palace today, so I want to borrow your pavilion to extend the guests.
Chen Baoji is a native of Jinjiang, Fujian Province, with an elegant name. According to fellow countryman Lin Yunming's Dream of Red Mansions, during the Kangxi period, Chen Bao was appointed as the governor of Qingzhou Road. When he was in the office, "there was a knock at the door at night, and he was silent when asked." In the face of "ghosts", Chen Bao's servants and wizards failed to drive them away. He listened to the persuasion of scholar Liu Wangling and decided to let nature take its course. She became a ghost beauty, calling herself Lin Niang, and then became friends with Chen Baojian on poetry wine, becoming Chen Baojian's assistant, helping Chen Baojian solve many difficult cases and punishing abnormal people. Later, Chen Bao inquired about his life experience, and Lin Sinian told him a tragic story:
I come from Putian. During the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty, my father worked as a treasurer in Jiangning and went to prison with Tang. My cousin and I went to the rescue together, and we lay together for half a year, which was really selfless. My father is out of prison, but I doubt it. I invested a lot of money to maintain my soul. It is no accident that you came here with friendship. I plan to leave my job in the department in August. After leaving, Chen Yizhi was obsessed with it.
Chen Weisong's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio also contains the story of Lin Siniang. His name is "I talk about Red Cliff", the story of Lin Siniang. It is quiet and fragile, covering "Niangji" and "Women's Collection". SiNian said, so Fu Heng for imperial secretary ". Followed by Wang Shizhen's "Wang Shiyi" and "Seeking God", which tell the ghost story of Chen Bao's meeting with Niang, saying that "Siniang is outstanding in appearance, holding a fine sword, and she is as cold as Nie Yinniang's red line. "Qing Er, male and female, are very beautiful, holding them on both sides, and no one dares to tune them." I didn't say goodbye to Chen Bao until March. At the end of the article, the ghost of a pseudo-Lin Siniang wrote four verses: "The jade steps are ashamed, and the dusk reflects the green." Jade on a golden bed is rare, singing a sad song on earth. "
In the stories of Lin Siniang written by these scholars, Lin Yunming's description of Lin Siniang's life experience is different from that of others. First, Lin Siniang's father is the treasurer of Jiangning. She said in Wang Shizhen's Youyang that she was from Jinling. Although she lives up to her reputation, she still has her native place in Putian, Fujian. Second, Lin Siniang is a constant imperial concubine or the daughter of the treasurer; Third, Lin Sinian's father suspected that she was having an affair with her cousin, so he committed suicide for this matter, not for the death day of Heng Wang.
Many scholars have discussed the emotional entanglement between Chen Baojian and Lin Sinian. Therefore, Lin Sinian's life experience must be related to Chen Baojian. According to Jelly Lin, he and Chen Baoji belong to the same country. He wrote "song of a mother" after listening to the story of ghost "adventure" told by Chen Baoji himself. Therefore, we can infer that Lin Siniang's story was first compiled by Chen Baoji, who became a monk in Qingzhou in the early Qing Dynasty. Later, Lin Yunming formally expressed it in words, and the story gradually spread.
Whether Lin Sinian is a real person or not, we can also get circumstantial evidence from Chen Weisong's experience. Chen Weisong was born in Yixing in the early Qing Dynasty. His father was one of the famous "four sons" in the late Ming Dynasty and resolutely opposed strict party. After entering the Qing dynasty, he died for some reason and was dissatisfied with the Qing court. Since then, he has never been an official. It was not until the eighteenth year of Kangxi that the erudite department and Hongci department were handed over to imperial academy for examination. At the age of 54, he participated in the compilation of Preface. Imagine if Linus loved her in "Talking about Red Gull", and if Linus was described as fighting with "hooligans" to death in "Talking about Red Gull", would she be written as the year in "Ming History"? Obviously, there is no doubt that Lin Sinian is a figure in artistic creation. Because of this, it is logical that the grotesque ghost stories written by literati are included in note novels, but not in Heng, Dream of Red Mansions and even Biography of Women in Ming Dynasty. Lin Siniang's character was shaped by Chen Bao, a native of Qingzhou.
Then, another question arises: Why are so many heavyweight scholars interested in the image of Lin Sinian in the middle of Qing Dynasty?
Let's look at the king of balance in history. According to the Ming History (1 19) and Fei's Draft, the first king of Henggong was named Zhu Yougang, the seventh son of Ming Xianzong. In the twelfth year of Hongzhi, Qingzhou was sealed and Wang Fanfu was built. Later, it spread to Hengzhuang Wang Houyi, Hengkang Wang Zaigui, Hengan Wang and Hengan Wang Yi. It was not until the late Ming Dynasty and the late Chongzhen Dynasty that Wang Zhu attacked Wang Jue that the Qing army entered the customs and occupied many places in Shandong. After Li Zicheng peasant army retreated to Beijing, a peasant army led by Zhao Yingyuan, general of Dashun Department, came to Shandong under the banner of "looking to the future", captured Qingzhou and killed Wang Aoyong, an official appointed by the Qing court. Zhao Yingyuan found Zhu Youyou, the former king, and wanted him to be the "Southern King". But You Zhu is really a pustule. He refused to usurp the throne when he saw that the Qing army was in power, that Hengle was still very good, and that he could still lead a drunken life. He cried all day. Let him go. His eyes are swollen. In November of the second year of Shunzhi, the Qing army recaptured Qingzhou, killed Zhao Yingyuan, and then sent Zhu Youzhen to Beijing for "foster care". The following year, he and his family were killed. Later, the Qing court released the 138 maid of Hengfu to Beijing. The ladies-in-waiting are unwilling to leave their motherland. Many people committed suicide before being escorted. From then on, they gave birth to a prosperous ancient palace among the people. We have reason to believe that after Chen Baodi entered Qingzhou, he will collect Biography of Old Palace in Wang Heng and make up a story about Lin Ning Niang, a ghost who lived alone with him, to express his regret for the motherland. According to relevant records, Chen Baoji participated in anti-Qing activities during the Southern Ming Dynasty, and his "Grand View of unofficial history" was banned during the Qianlong period because he barked many times after "worshiping Guangxi". It is natural for such a scholar who left the Qing court to make up a beautiful story about the ghost of Linsnian to express his feelings for his hometown. It is worth noting that both Wang Shizhen's Ming History and Lu's Biography of Kings mentioned that after Lin Sinian's death, "after several years, the country was broken and then went north". Volume 6 "Lin" tells the tragic experience of a virtuous and beautiful woman being exiled, saying that "the northern soldiers will be captured when they enter the customs." Lin was forced to commit suicide in order to keep her virginity, but after recovery, she was seriously injured and lost her fertility. "North" and "North Army" mean that the Qing army went south and sent Zhu Youbang to Beijing to kill him. Zhu Youbang did not participate in anti-Qing activities, and his tragic ending would arouse the sympathy of scholars who entered the Qing Dynasty before the Ming Dynasty.
Therefore, we can think that it is meaningful for Cao Xueqin and Pu Songling to integrate the artistic legend of Lin Sinian into their works. It reflects that under the high-pressure policy of the literary inquisition, on the one hand, the literati dared not describe the tragic experience of Zhu Youkun, the last emperor of the Hengchao Dynasty, but had to be careful to become a "military commander" and a "rogue widow" Lin Sinian; On the other hand, he fabricated the story of Lin Sinian and regarded it as a national hero. Pu Songling's History Draft seems to be more explicit. Finally, a poem by Lin Linnian is attached: "After seventeen years of silence, who in the old country asks heaven?" Look at the trees in the temple and cry for Jennifer's kingly demeanor. The waves on the sea seem to shine, while the flute of the Han family smokes quietly. Beauty is fragile, hard to be sharp, and wisdom is sad, just seeking Zen. Recite thousands of bodhi sentences and smell banana leaves two or three times a day. Sing the song of the pear garden, cry, please listen alone. "Isn't the" Han "in the poem" Han's Valley Whispering "exactly the memory of the Qing literati for the Ming Dynasty before the demise of the Han regime? As we all know, in the Yuan Dynasty, Han people were oppressed by the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty and Mongolia, and there was no place to express their feelings. For example, Guan Hanqing's Talking about the North of the Pool and Ma Zhiyuan's Poems on the Riverside all highlight the Han Dynasty in their works and place their longing for it. Therefore, when studying the two works, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and Lin Siniang, we should not treat them lightly, but fully reproduce the emotional tendency of the two authors in opposing Qing Dynasty and regaining sight.
According to two note novels, Autumn in the Han Palace and Dream of Red Mansions, Volume 12 of the Single Knife Club, there were eight outstanding men in the south of the Yangtze River during the reign of Yongzheng and Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty. The first monk was Yin, followed by Cao Renfu, Zhou Xun, Lv Yuan, Bai Taiguan and Gan Fengchi, all of whom had their own strengths, but they were rising stars. It is said that these seven people are all subordinates of Zheng Chenggong, an anti-Qing hero. At that time, I hated the swordsman so much that I was severely arrested. Among these seven people, Lv Siniang's life experience is unusual. She is a villager tonight, and it is difficult to make enemies in the countryside. I can't remember. " "The more anxious she is to report the case," the more she wants to "take care of her husband."
At first, it also involved a big literary prison unjust case in the early Qing Dynasty. First of all, it interprets Teacher Xi Cun written by Lv Liuliang, a famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty. Lv Liuliang, a native of Shimen, Chongde, Zhejiang Province, was a famous thinker, scholar and poet in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, and the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan and crossed the river to the south. Subsequently, Lv Liuliang dispersed "Wan Jinfu" to settle customers, covering all parts of western Zhejiang and participating in the anti-Qing struggle. The one on the left who was shot by the Qing army left a lifelong wound, while his nephew Lu Xuanzhong was captured by the Qing army and killed in Hangzhou. Five years after Shunzhi, Lv Liuliang, who failed in anti-Qing, returned to his hometown. In order to get out of trouble, he had to change his name to Guanglun to participate in scientific research. Lv Liuliang was ashamed of this "shame", so he lived in seclusion in the mountains, wrote books and gave lectures, and never became an official again. In the seventeenth year of Kangxi, in order to gain talents, the Qing court forced scholars to be officials and began to learn from other people's scientific research results. In order to refuse to be an official, Lv Liuliang was forced to become a monk and study hard. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi, he died in his hometown Nanyang Village.
Unexpectedly, during the Yongzheng period, Ceng Jing, a scholar from Jingzhou, Hunan Province, worshipped Lv Liuliang's thoughts and knowledge and suddenly had a dream. He ordered Zhang Xi, his apprentice, to write to Qingchuan and Yue Zhongqi, the governor of Shaanxi Province, demanding that "descendants of Yue Fei" send troops to fight against the Qing Dynasty, and Yue Zhongqi was furious. When Zhang Xi was about to be arrested and tried, Zhang Xi betrayed Ceng Jing. After his arrest, Ceng Jing claimed that he was bewitched by Lv Liuliang, a Confucian scholar in the south of the Yangtze River, and handed over Lv Liuliang's works and diaries. Because this was a major "rebellion" case, it was quickly reported to the headquarters in Yong Zhengdi. Yin _ decided to stifle and suppress the "rebel" speech. In May of the seventh year of Yongzheng, he ordered Jiuqing Han Jian Kedao to review this major case, which was closed in August of the following year. At a meeting of the yamen of the Ministry of Punishment, it was proposed that the deceased and the eldest son Lu Baozhong be dismembered, and the second son Lu clappers and the children's relatives be collectively connected. People over the age of 16 in the Lujia family were executed, the rest were exiled to Heilongjiang and their property was confiscated. The case also involved a large number of scholars and local officials in Zhejiang and Hunan. Ceng Jing and Zhang Xi were considered to be "deceived" and spared the death penalty. Yong Zhengdi also wrote Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, criticizing Lv Liuliang's "rebellious madness" one by one, which is the first modern criticism.
Since Yong Zhengdi created the unjust case of Lv Liuliang Literary Prison, the Qing court intensified its suppression of intellectuals' speech, making the reputation of Jiangnan people indestructible. Since then, several literary prison cases have been created, each of which is bloody and even destroys the families of a large number of ordinary people, causing people to suffer deeply and causing dissatisfaction. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng, Yin _ died of illness. Therefore, according to folklore, Lv Liuliang had a granddaughter who was a swordsman. She flew into the palace, killed Yong Zhengdi, and beheaded Yong Zhengdi to avenge the family. Unofficial history Daguan in Qing Dynasty not only called her granddaughter, but also called Pu Songling a heroine.
From Lin Siniang to Lv Siniang, the stories of four mothers have made new progress. So, does Lv Liuliang have a swordsman granddaughter? The answer is obviously no, Lujia handed down poems and books from generation to generation. They can't be martial artists, let alone women who learn fencing. When the injustice happened, Lu Jia was killed and the government arrested a man as big as Lu Jia. Lv Liuliang's granddaughter can't escape the Internet. According to the book "Grand View of unofficial history in Qing Dynasty" compiled by Tongxiang Municipal Government of Zhejiang Province in 2003, neither of Lv Liuliang's two sons had a granddaughter named "Siniang". Therefore, linking Yong Zhengdi's death with "Lv Siniang women" is only a beautiful legend, and there is no real historical data as the basis. More interestingly, the literati in the middle of Qing Dynasty not only created the legend of Lin Siniang, but also continued to create the legend of Lv Siniang's swordsman. They like my house and my country, and later they especially like "Four". For example, Wu's Eight Heroes in the South of the Yangtze River created the image of a chivalrous man. It has long been pointed out that his prototype is Gan Fengchi, an anti-Qing swordsman, and the author even called Feng Ming "the old man who sealed the temple". The cultural phenomenon of Lin Sinian and Lv Siniang in Qing Dynasty seems to reflect the strong anti-Qing and anti-Ming sentiment of scholars and ordinary people at that time, which is still worth studying and reading.