The world structure in the early post-war period
The most direct impact of the outcome of World War II on the post-war world was the establishment of the Yalta system and the formation of the bipolar pattern between the United States and the Soviet Union. The United Nations, established in the early post-war period, is the most influential universal international organization. The Bretton Woods system established a world monetary system centered on the US dollar. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is the predecessor of the World Trade Organization.
The United States emerged from World War II and became the world's number one economic, military and political power. As the strength of Western European powers such as Britain, France, Italy, and Germany declined, they accepted the Marshall Plan and took a series of measures to restore and develop the economy and stabilize the domestic political situation. At the same time, they were subject to the United States economically, politically, militarily, and diplomatically, and were incorporated into the United States' Cold War strategy. track. Japan was occupied or semi-occupied by the United States in the early postwar period, and carried out democratization reforms under the leadership of the United States.
The Soviet Union also emerged during World War II and became a world military and political power in the early post-war period. At the end of the war and the early post-war period, a series of people's democracies emerged in Europe and Asia, and formed a socialist camp with the Soviet Union. In particular, the establishment of the People's Republic of China greatly changed the balance of world political power.
The fundamental conflict between the strategic goals and strategic interests of the United States and the Soviet Union after the war was the cause of the Cold War. The introduction of the Truman Doctrine marked the full unfolding of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. The confrontation between the Marshall Plan and the Economic Cooperation Council was the beginning of the Cold War in the economic field. The confrontation between NATO and the Warsaw Pact is the manifestation of the Cold War in the military field. The First Berlin Crisis and the partition of Germany are considered the first climax of the Cold War. The division of Korea and the Korean War were also products of the Cold War. The East-West Cold War centered on the United States and the Soviet Union became the keynote of international relations under the bipolar pattern in the early post-war period.
1. The establishment of the Yalta system and the founding of the United Nations
The most important impact of the Second World War was the rise of the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's two leading powers and the establishment of the Yalta system, which formed The post-war bipolar pattern between the United States and the Soviet Union was established.
The United States and the Soviet Union emerged with the great victory of the World Anti-Fascist War. Whether in economics, military, or international politics, they had absolute advantages and obvious advantages. ahead of other countries. The traditional pattern of European powers dominating the world no longer exists. The United States and the Soviet Union have become the leading forces in postwar international relations. Based on the Yalta system, a bipolar postwar world pattern has been formed in which the United States and the Soviet Union divide the world and dominate international affairs.
The so-called Yalta system refers to the three major powers, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom (mainly the United States and the Soviet Union), in the late World War II, for their own strategic interests, in a group represented by the Yalta Conference. The international relations system established by a series of important international conferences reached a series of agreements on ending the war, organizing the post-war world, and dividing spheres of influence.
The Yalta system is a system for coordinating the wartime actions of the allies and accelerating the final victory of the world anti-fascist war. The Yalta system is also a system used by the world's anti-fascist forces to prevent the resurgence of fascism and militarism. The Yalta system is a system that maintains the post-war world order based on the balance of power among great powers. The Yalta system was also a system in which the United States and the Soviet Union relied on their respective economic and military strengths to divide their spheres of influence in the post-war world, and based on their respective strategic interests, implemented great power politics in a cooperative and competitive manner. After the war, this system quickly turned into a Cold War system between the United States and the Soviet Union and between the East and the West. Under this system, the leading positions of the United States and the Soviet Union in international affairs and the principle of unity among major powers in the United Nations Security Council were confirmed; Europe was divided into two, with Western Europe being the sphere of influence of the United States and Eastern Europe being the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union; Germany and North Korea was split into two, with East and West Germany and South and North Korea emerging. Throughout the world, the socialist East led by the Soviet Union and the capitalist West led by the United States faced off and confronted each other. The Cold War became a conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. The basic content of international relations between East and West.
Synchronized with the establishment of the Yalta system, a number of new international organizations were formed, among which the United Nations is the most universal and influential international organization.
In 1943, the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and the United Kingdom proposed the need to establish a universal international organization after the war to maintain international peace and security. From August 21 to October 7, 1944, the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom, as well as China, the United States, and the United Kingdom, held meetings in Dumbarton Oaks on the outskirts of Washington, USA, in stages, and adopted the "Recommendations on the Establishment of a Universal International Organization." "Proposal", put forward the suggestion of "United Nations" as the name of this international organization, drafted the purposes, principles and charter of the United Nations, designed the framework of the United Nations General Assembly, the Security Council, the Secretariat and other major United Nations organs, and proposed the authority. Therefore, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference actually played an important role in preparing for the establishment of the United Nations. However, the meeting failed to reach an agreement on the implementation of the "principle of unanimity of major powers" of the Security Council and the issue of founding member states. Both issues were later resolved at the Yalta Conference.
According to the decisions of the Yalta Conference, on April 25, 1945, the United Nations Constitutional Conference was held in San Francisco, United States. On June 25, the United Nations Charter was adopted. On June 26, representatives of the founding member states (including Chinese representatives Song Ziwen, Gu Weijun, and Dong Biwu) signed the Charter. This day was later designated as "Charter Day" by the United Nations. On October 24, 1945, the Charter of the United Nations officially came into effect and the United Nations was formally established. This day was later designated as "United Nations Day".
The purpose of the United Nations as stipulated in the Charter of the United Nations is: "1. To maintain international peace and security; and to this end: to adopt effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace, to suppress acts of aggression or Other disruptions to peace; and to adjust or resolve international disputes or situations that may disrupt peace by peaceful means and in accordance with the principles of justice and international law. 2. Develop international friendly relations based on respect for the equal rights of peoples and the principle of self-determination, and take measures to do so. Other appropriate means to enhance universal peace. 3. Promote international cooperation to solve international problems of an economic, social, cultural and human welfare nature, without distinction of race, gender, language or religion, to enhance and inspire all mankind. respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. 4. To form a center for coordinating the actions of all countries to achieve the above-mentioned common goals." The above-mentioned purposes of the United Nations are usually summarized as "peace, friendship, cooperation, and coordination."
Article 111 of Chapter 19 of the Charter of the United Nations. In addition to stating the above purposes, it stipulates that the United Nations and its member states should abide by the following principles: (1) The sovereign equality of all member states. (2) Each member state should resolve its international disputes by peaceful means. (3) Member states shall not use force or the threat of force against other countries. (4) When the United Nations takes preventive or coercive actions against any country, countries shall not provide assistance to that country. (5) The United Nations should ensure that non-member states comply with the above principles, and the United Nations shall not interfere in the internal affairs of each country. The Charter of the United Nations also stipulates the obligations and rights of member states; it stipulates the scope of functions of major United Nations organs such as the Security Council, and stipulates the principle of unity among the permanent members of the Security Council on any substantive issue.
The main organs of the United Nations are: United Nations General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and Secretariat. The United Nations General Assembly, referred to as the "United Nations General Assembly", is composed of all member states and is the main deliberative body of the United Nations. Member states of the United Nations are divided into founding members and admitted members. The founding members include 51 countries including China. The General Assembly is held once a year, usually starting on the third Tuesday in September and ending on Christmas Eve at the latest. The matters considered by the UN General Assembly are extremely wide, and any issue within the scope of the UN Charter can be discussed. It accepts and reviews proposals from member states and reports from United Nations agencies; appoints the Secretary-General based on the recommendations of the Security Council; admits new member states; re-elects non-permanent members of the Security Council, etc. Each session of the United Nations General Assembly elects a president and several vice-presidents. Establish a number of committees (such as the Political and Security Committee, etc.) to discuss relevant issues assigned to the committee, make resolutions, and submit them to the General Assembly for adoption, which then become General Assembly resolutions. Voting on procedural issues and general issues by the General Assembly requires a simple majority, that is, more than 1/2 of the votes in favor. Voting on important issues requires an absolute majority, that is, more than 2/3 of the votes in favor. One country, one vote, no country has veto power. The first United Nations General Assembly was held in London in 1946. Since then, every session of the UN General Assembly has been held in New York. When the UN General Assembly is not in session, at the request of a member state and with the consent of the Security Council or more than 1/2 of the member states, a special session of the UN General Assembly can be convened; at the request of more than 9 members of the Security Council, an emergency special session of the UN General Assembly can be convened.
The United Nations Security Council, referred to as the Security Council, is the main body of the United Nations responsible for international peace and security. It consists of 5 permanent members (the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and France) and 10 non-permanent members ( Before 1965, it was composed of 6 non-permanent members). The Security Council has the power to accept, investigate, and resolve any international disputes; it has the power to determine aggression and adopt diplomatic, economic or military sanctions to oppose and stop aggression. Voting on substantive issues requires 9 or more votes (including 9 votes), and the "unanimity principle of major powers" is implemented, that is, the five permanent members must pass unanimously, and each permanent member has the right of veto. On procedural issues, permanent members do not have veto power. The chairmanship of the Security Council is rotated monthly by each member state in English alphabetical order of country name. Usually, the permanent representative of each member state to the United Nations (also known as the ambassador to the United Nations) leads the delegation to attend the Security Council.
The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, referred to as the Economic and Social Council, is the main agency responsible for coordinating the economic and social work of the United Nations and its specialized agencies. It is composed of 54 member states with a term of three years, each year Eighteen of the council members are re-elected by the United Nations General Assembly and can be re-elected. The Economic and Social Council is responsible for conducting research and issuing relevant reports on international economic, social, cultural, educational, health and other aspects; promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and consulting with non-governmental organizations on various related matters. There are social development committees, human rights committees, non-governmental organization committees, etc. The Economic and Social Council meets twice a year and votes are passed by a simple majority, one country, one vote. Non-governmental organizations may send observers to the meeting without voting rights.
The United Nations Trusteeship Council is the United Nations body responsible for overseeing the administration of trust territories. Trust territories are placed under the United Nations trusteeship system through trusteeship agreements concluded between the United Nations and relevant countries.
The International Court of Justice is a judicial organ of the United Nations. It is composed of 15 judges of different nationalities elected by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council (term of 9 years, 5 judges re-elected every 3 years). The International Court of Justice accepts all cases submitted by the parties, as well as cases specifically provided for by the Charter of the United Nations to be under the jurisdiction of the Court. Except for cases between countries that have declared their acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice is predicated on the voluntary acceptance of the parties concerned.
The United Nations Secretariat is the main agency of the United Nations responsible for organizing and handling daily work. It implements the resolutions and tasks assigned by other United Nations agencies such as the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council, and provides conference services for other United Nations organizations such as the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. various services including. It is the busiest and largest of all United Nations agencies and is headed by the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the administrative head of the United Nations. He is recommended by the Security Council with a majority of 9 votes or more (including the unanimous consent of the 5 permanent members) and appointed by the UN General Assembly with a 2/3 majority. He serves a five-year term and can be re-elected. The Secretary-General, Deputy Secretary-General, Assistant Secretary-General, officials and staff at all levels of the United Nations must be separated from the politics of their country, and must not accept instructions from their own government or the government of any country. They are supranational United Nations officials and staff who are only responsible to the United Nations. .
The working languages ??of the United Nations are English, French, Chinese, Russian, Spanish and Arabic. The working languages ??of the International Court of Justice are English and French. The United Nations headquarters is in New York, United States. The United Nations Headquarters is located on an 18-acre "international territory" on the East River in Manhattan, New York. The United Nations offices are located in Geneva, Switzerland, and Vienna, Austria. The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, Netherlands. The emblem of the United Nations is framed against a map of the world seen from an Arctic perspective, surrounded by two crossed olive branches. The flag of the United Nations is rectangular in shape, with a light blue flag field and a white United Nations emblem in the center.
2. The establishment of the Bretton Woods system and the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
The Second World War also had a profound impact on the world economy.
The establishment of the Bretton Woods system and the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade were two major events that had a significant and long-term impact on the post-war world economy.
From July 1st to 22nd, 1944, the International Monetary and Financial Conference (later known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference) was held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA. The meeting was attended by representatives of 44 countries including the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China. The meeting adopted the Agreement of the International Monetary Fund and the Agreement of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Agreement, and decided to establish the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development stabilizes international exchange rates and provides long-term loans and investments to member countries in urgent need of foreign aid. The Bretton Woods Agreement stipulates that gold and the U.S. dollar are used as the standards for the valuation of currencies of various countries; the U.S. dollar is directly linked to gold ($35 is equal to 1 ounce of gold); the currencies of various countries are linked to the U.S. dollar and a fixed exchange rate system is implemented. This established the Bretton Woods system, a world monetary system centered on the U.S. dollar, and established the hegemonic position of the United States in the post-war world economic structure.
Chapter 1: The World Pattern in the Early Post-War Period
Study Tips
1. Overview of this Chapter
The End of World War II The most direct impact on the postwar world was the establishment of the Yalta system and the formation of the bipolar pattern between the United States and the Soviet Union. The United Nations, established in the early post-war period, is the most influential universal international organization. The Bretton Woods system established a world monetary system centered on the US dollar. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is the predecessor of the World Trade Organization.
The United States emerged from World War II and became the world's number one economic, military and political power. As the strength of Western European powers such as Britain, France, Italy, and Germany declined, they accepted the Marshall Plan and took a series of measures to restore and develop the economy and stabilize the domestic political situation. At the same time, they were subject to the United States economically, politically, militarily, and diplomatically, and were incorporated into the United States' Cold War strategy. track. Japan was occupied or semi-occupied by the United States in the early postwar period, and carried out democratization reforms under the leadership of the United States.
The Soviet Union also emerged during World War II and became a world military and political power in the early post-war period. At the end of the war and the early post-war period, a series of people's democracies emerged in Europe and Asia, and formed a socialist camp with the Soviet Union. In particular, the establishment of the People's Republic of China greatly changed the balance of world political power.
The fundamental conflict between the strategic goals and strategic interests of the United States and the Soviet Union after the war was the cause of the Cold War. The introduction of the Truman Doctrine marked the full unfolding of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. The confrontation between the Marshall Plan and the Economic Cooperation Council was the beginning of the Cold War in the economic field. The confrontation between NATO and the Warsaw Pact is the manifestation of the Cold War in the military field. The First Berlin Crisis and the partition of Germany are considered the first climax of the Cold War. The division of Korea and the Korean War were also products of the Cold War. The East-West Cold War centered on the United States and the Soviet Union became the keynote of international relations under the bipolar pattern in the early post-war period.
2. Key learning points of this chapter
1. Through which international systems and international organizations did the impact of World War II on the post-war world pattern mainly manifest itself?
2. The rise of the United States and the Soviet Union and the relationship between the two camps.
3. The causes of the Cold War.
4. The main manifestations of the confrontation between the two camps in the early Cold War.
3. Main contents of this chapter
Section 1: The impact of World War II on post-war international politics and world economic structure
1. The establishment of the Yalta system and the founding of the United Nations< /p>
The most important impact of the Second World War was the rise of the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's two leading powers and the establishment of the Yalta system, which formed the post-war bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union.
The United States and the Soviet Union emerged with the great victory of the World Anti-Fascist War. Whether it was economic, military, or international politics, they had absolute advantages and obvious advantages. ahead of other countries. The traditional pattern of European powers dominating the world no longer exists. The United States and the Soviet Union have become the leading forces in postwar international relations. Based on the Yalta system, a bipolar postwar world pattern has been formed in which the United States and the Soviet Union divide the world and dominate international affairs.
The so-called Yalta system refers to the three major powers, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom (mainly the United States and the Soviet Union), in the late World War II, for their own strategic interests, in a group represented by the Yalta Conference. The international relations system established by a series of important international conferences reached a series of agreements on ending the war, organizing the post-war world, and dividing spheres of influence.
The Yalta system is a system for coordinating the wartime actions of the allies and accelerating the final victory of the world anti-fascist war. The Yalta system is also a system used by the world's anti-fascist forces to prevent the resurgence of fascism and militarism. The Yalta system is a system that maintains the post-war world order based on the balance of power among great powers. The Yalta system was also a system in which the United States and the Soviet Union relied on their respective economic and military strengths to divide their spheres of influence in the post-war world, and implemented great power politics in a cooperative and competitive manner based on their respective strategic interests. After the war, this system quickly turned into a Cold War system between the United States and the Soviet Union and between the East and the West. Under this system, the leading positions of the United States and the Soviet Union in international affairs and the principle of unity among major powers in the United Nations Security Council were confirmed; Europe was divided into two, with Western Europe being the sphere of influence of the United States and Eastern Europe being the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union; Germany and North Korea was split into two, with East and West Germany and South and North Korea emerging. Throughout the world, the socialist East led by the Soviet Union and the capitalist West led by the United States faced off and confronted each other. The Cold War became a conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. The basic content of international relations between East and West.
Yalta Conference
Synchronized with the establishment of the Yalta system, a number of new international organizations were formed, among which the United Nations is the most universal and influential international organization.
In 1943, the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and the United Kingdom proposed the need to establish a universal international organization after the war to maintain international peace and security. From August 21 to October 7, 1944, the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom, as well as China, the United States, and the United Kingdom, held meetings in Dumbarton Oaks on the outskirts of Washington, USA, in stages, and adopted the "Recommendations on the Establishment of a Universal International Organization." "Proposal", proposed "United Nations" as the name of this international organization, drafted the purposes, principles and charter of the United Nations, designed the framework of the United Nations General Assembly, the Security Council, the Secretariat and other major United Nations agencies, and proposed the authority. Therefore, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference actually played an important role in preparing for the establishment of the United Nations. However, the meeting failed to reach an agreement on the implementation of the "principle of unanimity of major powers" of the Security Council and the issue of founding member states. Both issues were later resolved at the Yalta Conference.
Dumbarton Oaks Conference
According to the decision of the Yalta Conference, on April 25, 1945, the United Nations Constitutional Conference was held in San Francisco, United States. On June 25, the United Nations Charter was adopted. On June 26, representatives of the founding member states (including Chinese representatives Song Ziwen, Gu Weijun, and Dong Biwu) signed the Charter. This day was later designated as "Charter Day" by the United Nations. On October 24, 1945, the Charter of the United Nations officially came into effect and the United Nations was formally established. This day was later designated as "United Nations Day".
The Founding Conference of the United Nations
Dong Biwu signed the United Nations Charter
The purpose of the United Nations stipulated in the "United Nations Charter" is: "1. To maintain international peace and security; And for this purpose: to adopt effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and to suppress acts of aggression or other disruptions to peace; and to adjust or resolve international disputes that may undermine peace by peaceful means and in accordance with the principles of justice and international law; or situation. 2. Develop international friendly relations based on respect for the principles of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and take other appropriate measures to enhance universal peace. 3. Promote international cooperation to resolve international economic, social, cultural and human issues. International issues of a welfare nature, without distinction of race, gender, language or religion, to enhance and inspire respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings. 4. To form a center for coordinating the actions of all countries to achieve the above mentioned common goals." . The above-mentioned purposes of the United Nations are usually summarized as "peace, friendship, cooperation, and coordination."
Article 111 of Chapter 19 of the Charter of the United Nations. In addition to stating the above purposes, it stipulates that the United Nations and its member states should abide by the following principles: (1) The sovereign equality of all member states. (2) Each member state should resolve its international disputes by peaceful means. (3) Member states shall not use force or the threat of force against other countries. (4) When the United Nations takes preventive or coercive actions against any country, countries shall not provide assistance to that country. (5) The United Nations should ensure that non-member states comply with the above principles, and the United Nations shall not interfere in the internal affairs of each country. The Charter of the United Nations also stipulates the obligations and rights of member states; it stipulates the scope of functions of major United Nations organs such as the Security Council, and stipulates the principle of unity among the permanent members of the Security Council on any substantive issue.
The main organs of the United Nations are: United Nations General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and Secretariat. The United Nations General Assembly, referred to as the "United Nations General Assembly", is composed of all member states and is the main deliberative body of the United Nations. Member states of the United Nations are divided into founding members and admitted members. The founding members include 51 countries including China. The General Assembly is held once a year, usually starting on the third Tuesday in September and ending on Christmas Eve at the latest. The matters considered by the UN General Assembly are extremely wide, and any issue within the scope of the UN Charter can be discussed. It accepts and reviews proposals from member states and reports from United Nations agencies; appoints the Secretary-General based on the recommendations of the Security Council; admits new member states; re-elects non-permanent members of the Security Council, etc. Each session of the United Nations General Assembly elects a president and several vice-presidents. Establish a number of committees (such as the Political and Security Committee, etc.) to discuss relevant issues assigned to the committee, make resolutions, and submit them to the General Assembly for adoption, which then become General Assembly resolutions. Voting on procedural issues and general issues by the General Assembly requires a simple majority, that is, more than 1/2 of the votes in favor. Voting on important issues requires an absolute majority, that is, more than 2/3 of the votes in favor. One country, one vote, no country has veto power. The first United Nations General Assembly was held in London in 1946. Since then, every session of the UN General Assembly has been held in New York. When the UN General Assembly is not in session, at the request of a member state and with the consent of the Security Council or more than 1/2 of the member states, a special session of the UN General Assembly can be convened; at the request of more than 9 members of the Security Council, an emergency special session of the UN General Assembly can be convened.
The United Nations Security Council, referred to as the Security Council, is the main body of the United Nations responsible for international peace and security. It consists of 5 permanent members (the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and France) and 10 non-permanent members ( Before 1965, it was composed of 6 non-permanent members). The Security Council has the power to accept, investigate, and resolve any international disputes; it has the power to determine aggression and adopt diplomatic, economic or military sanctions to oppose and stop aggression. Voting on substantive issues requires 9 or more votes (including 9 votes), and the "principle of unanimity of major powers" is implemented, that is, the five permanent members must pass unanimously, and each permanent member has the right of veto. On procedural issues, permanent members do not have veto power. The chairmanship of the Security Council is rotated monthly by each member state in English alphabetical order of country name. Usually, the permanent representative of each member state to the United Nations (also known as the ambassador to the United Nations) leads the delegation to attend the Security Council.
The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, referred to as the Economic and Social Council, is the main agency responsible for coordinating the economic and social work of the United Nations and its specialized agencies. It is composed of 54 council members with a term of three years, each year 18 of the council members are re-elected by the United Nations General Assembly and can be re-elected. The Economic and Social Council is responsible for conducting research on international economic, social, cultural, educational, health and other aspects and proposing relevant reports; promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and consulting with non-governmental organizations on various related matters. There are social development committees, human rights committees, non-governmental organization committees, etc. The Economic and Social Council meets twice a year and votes are passed by a simple majority, one country, one vote. Non-governmental organizations may send observers to the meeting without voting rights.
The United Nations Trusteeship Council is the United Nations body responsible for overseeing the administration of trust territories. Trust territories are placed under the United Nations trusteeship system through trusteeship agreements concluded between the United Nations and relevant countries.
The International Court of Justice is a judicial organ of the United Nations. It is composed of 15 judges of different nationalities elected by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council (term of 9 years, 5 judges re-elected every 3 years). The International Court of Justice accepts all cases submitted by the parties, as well as cases specifically provided for by the Charter of the United Nations to be under the jurisdiction of the Court. Except for cases between countries that have declared their acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice is predicated on the voluntary acceptance of the parties concerned.
The United Nations Secretariat is the main agency of the United Nations responsible for organizing and handling daily work. It implements the resolutions and tasks assigned by other United Nations agencies such as the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council, and provides conference services for other United Nations organizations such as the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. various services including. It is the busiest and largest of all United Nations agencies and is headed by the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the administrative head of the United Nations. He is recommended by the Security Council with a majority of 9 votes or more (including the unanimous consent of the 5 permanent members) and appointed by the UN General Assembly with a 2/3 majority. He serves a five-year term and can be re-elected. The Secretary-General, Deputy Secretary-General, Assistant Secretary-General, officials and staff at all levels of the United Nations must be separated from the politics of their country, and must not accept instructions from their own government or the government of any country. They are supranational United Nations officials and staff who are only responsible to the United Nations. .
The working languages ??of the United Nations are English, French, Chinese, Russian, Spanish and Arabic. The working languages ??of the International Court of Justice are English and French. The United Nations headquarters is in New York, United States. The United Nations Headquarters is located on an 18-acre "international territory" on the East River in Manhattan, New York. The United Nations offices are located in Geneva, Switzerland, and Vienna, Austria. The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, Netherlands. The emblem of the United Nations is framed against a map of the world seen from an Arctic perspective, surrounded by two crossed olive branches. The flag of the United Nations is rectangular in shape, with a light blue flag field and a white United Nations emblem in the center.
The first Secretary-General Trugfried Lie in 1946
United Nations emblem
United Nations Headquarters Building
2. Mine The establishment of the Woods System and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
The Second World War also had a profound impact on the world economy.
The establishment of the Bretton Woods system and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade were two major events that had a significant and long-term impact on the post-war world economy.
From July 1st to 22nd, 1944, the International Monetary and Financial Conference (later known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference) was held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA. The meeting was attended by representatives of 44 countries including the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China. The meeting adopted the Agreement of the International Monetary Fund and the Agreement of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Agreement, and decided to establish the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development stabilizes international exchange rates and provides long-term loans and investments to member countries in urgent need of foreign aid. The Bretton Woods Agreement stipulates that gold and the U.S. dollar are used as the standards for the valuation of currencies of various countries; the U.S. dollar is directly linked to gold ($35 is equal to 1 ounce of gold); the currencies of various countries are linked to the U.S. dollar and a fixed exchange rate system is implemented. This established the Bretton Woods system, a world monetary system centered on the U.S. dollar, and established the hegemonic position of the United States in the post-war world economic structure.
1944 Bretton Woods Conference
On December 27, 1945, the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) were established. The IMF is headquartered in Washington and began its work on March 1, 1947. The fund mainly comes from the contributions paid by member states. Member countries have withdrawal rights, which is the right to borrow foreign exchange from the IMF based on a certain proportion of their paid quotas. The highest authority of the International Monetary Fund is the Board of Governors, which is composed of directors sent by each member country. Day-to-day matters are handled by the Executive Board. The World Bank opened in 1946. The highest authority is also the Board of Governors, and daily affairs are also handled by the Executive Board. All previous presidents are Americans. Both agencies became specialized agencies of the United Nations in 1947.
On October 30, 1947, 23 countries, including the sponsoring country the United States, signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the final protocol on 123 bilateral tariff concessions in Geneva. Part 4 and 38 articles of the General Agreement came into effect on January 1, 1948, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was formally established. The highest authority of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is the Conference of the Parties, which meets once a year and generally uses consultation rather than voting to decide matters. During the intersessional period, the acting council handles important affairs, and the secretariat handles daily affairs. It also has a number of committees and working groups. The purpose is to reach mutually beneficial arrangements in order to significantly reduce tariffs and other trade barriers and eliminate discriminatory treatment in international trade. The main activities are to host multilateral negotiations on concessions in tariffs and other trade barriers and to coordinate trade disputes among member countries. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade later developed into the World Trade Organization.