Ten American consortia:
Rockefeller Financial Group 1
Rockefeller Financial Group is one of the most powerful consortia in the United States. On the basis of the Rockefeller family's oil monopoly, through the continuous control of financial institutions, the sphere of influence will be extended to consortia in all sectors of the national economy. Founded by John Darrison Rockefeller, 1863 opened an oil refinery in Cleveland, and 1870 established the Ohio Standard Oil Company, which soon monopolized the oil industry in the United States, made rich profits, invested in the financial industry and manufacturing industry, and gradually became a monopoly consortium in the United States. Before the 1970s, its position was always under the Morgan Consortium, and then it jumped to the top of the consortium, and now it is comparable to the Morgan Consortium.
The influence of Rockefeller Financial Group:
Rockefeller Financial Group is a typical example of bank capital controlling industrial capital. It has a huge financial network, with Chase Manhattan Bank as the core and more than 100 financial institutions such as New York Chemical Bank, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and Fair Life Insurance Company. Through these financial institutions, many industrial and mining enterprises are directly or indirectly controlled, and they occupy an important position in various economic sectors such as metallurgy, chemistry, rubber, automobile, food, air transportation, telecommunications and arms industry. The arms companies under its control include MacDonald Douglas, Martin marietta (jointly controlled by Mellon consortium), sperry Rand and Westinghouse Electric Company (jointly controlled by Mellon consortium). Rockefeller Financial Group also controls five major American airlines, including United Airlines, Pan Am, American Airlines, TWA and Eastern Airlines, alone or jointly with other consortia.
2. Morgan Consortium
Morgan Financial Group is one of the top ten consortia in the United States. Formed at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, it is a monopoly capital consortium that rules the American economy. Founder J.P. Morgan founded drexel-Morgan Company on 187 1 on the basis of his father J.S. Morgan's wealth, and engaged in banking business such as investment and credit. 1894, the partner died and was wholly owned by him. 1895 changed its name to J.P. Morgan Company, and based on this company, it expanded its power to financial undertakings and economic fields (such as steel, railways and public utilities) and began to form monopoly consortia.
The main pillars of Morgan consortium:
Morgan consortium has a solid foundation in the financial industry. Its main pillar is J.P. Morgan Company. Morgan is one of the largest multinational banks in the world, with 65,438+00 subsidiaries and many branches in China, and more than 65,438+0000 communication banks. It has branches or representative offices in about 20 big cities abroad, and owns shares in financial institutions in nearly 40 countries. Its operating characteristics are buying and selling a large number of stocks and operating huge trust assets. It controls the shares of 37 foreign commercial banks, development banks, investment companies and other enterprises. In addition, there are manufacturers Hanover Company, new york Banker Trust Company, Northwest Bank Company, Prudent Life Insurance Company and new york Life Insurance Company. Among the industrial and mining enterprises, there are mainly International Business Machines Corporation, General Electric Company, International Telephone and Telegraph Company, American Steel Company and General Motors Company. In terms of public utilities, there are AT&T and Southern Company.
3. First Citibank Consortium
One of the top ten consortia in the United States is the Eastern Consortium, which rose after the war. Although the history is not long, its total assets have surpassed several established consortia and become one of the top ten consortia. With the First National City Bank as the core and relying on its huge funds, the consortium expanded its power to the arms industry (such as rockets, missiles and airplanes) and civilian industries (such as electronics, chemicals, petroleum and nonferrous metallurgy) and controlled a large number of famous large enterprises and companies. It is also one of the most active consortia in overseas expansion.
I. Business scope of Citibank Consortium:
About half of the capital of First Citibank Consortium comes from abroad, ranking first in the United States. Business scope includes commercial banks, trusts (personal trust business ranks first in the United States), securities trading, consumer finance, credit cards, equipment leasing, agency business and traveler's checks. From 65438 to 0979, the management was reorganized, and most activities were divided into institutional banks and personal banks. The former mainly includes providing financial services to enterprises, governments, medical care, education, charities and foreign financial institutions around the world. Personal banking refers to the financial services provided to consumers in the United States and other 65,438+07 major markets around the world, including credit cards, traveler's checks, housing construction finance, automobile mortgage and other personal expenses. The bank includes financial services companies, consumer finance companies and leasing companies. It has more than 1000 branches in 94 countries and regions, and has representative offices or offices in China, Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai.
4. DuPont consortium
Du Pont Financial Group, one of the top ten consortia in the United States, was founded by dupont family and started from the chemical and arms industries.
The founder of DuPont consortium is French immigrant DuPont de nemours. He fled to the United States during the French Revolution, and 1802 set up DuPont Company in Wilmington, Delaware, to run the gunpowder business. After five generations of management in dupont family, DuPont finally became a typical family trust. DuPont's assets in World War I increased from $75 million before the war to $300 million in 19 18; Become one of the largest monopoly companies at that time. The DuPont consortium was also established. From 65438 to 0935, the total assets of DuPont consortium increased to $2.63 billion, ranking sixth among the eight American consortia at that time. In World War II, DuPont consortium obtained military orders worth 2 1 billion dollars from the Pentagon, and participated in the manufacture of atomic bombs after the war, which greatly enhanced its economic strength and made great progress. However, in the 1960s, due to the intensified competition among consortia, DuPont consortium's status declined, relegating to the ninth place.
Investment fields of DuPont consortium:
DuPont Company was founded in 1802, which is a scientific enterprise, and is committed to creating sustainable development solutions with science, so that people all over the world can live a better, safer and healthier life. Dupont's business covers more than 70 countries and regions around the world, with a wide range of innovative products and services, involving agriculture, nutrition, electronics, communications, safety and protection, home and construction, transportation and clothing and many other fields.
The economic strength of DuPont consortium is mainly industry and mining. 1974 the industrial and mining assets of the consortium account for 69% of its total assets. Industrial capital is mainly concentrated in DuPont and General Motors. Dupont is the largest chemical company in the United States, and 80% of its raw materials are petroleum. Since 1973, it has been repeatedly hit by the oil crisis. Since 1980s, the company has turned to the development of plastic industry, and vigorously carried out scientific research to produce products that do not use petroleum as raw materials, such as producing synthetic fibers through microbial fermentation. General Motors, another big company of DuPont Consortium (jointly controlled by Morgan Consortium), is the largest automobile company in the United States.
5. Boston consortium
Boston Financial Group, one of the top ten American consortia, is also one of the oldest monopoly consortia in the United States. /kloc-In the 9th century, Lowell, Lawrence, Adams, Loki and the newly-emerging Kennedy family in Boston formed the Boston Consortium. At that time, these families invested huge sums of money accumulated by overseas colonial plunder in commercial banks, insurance companies and investment companies, and relied on these financial institutions to provide funds to operate textile industries such as textiles, leather, shoes, clothing, food and chemicals. Due to the rapid development of textile industry, at the beginning of the 20th century, Boston, a family that has been intermarried for generations, took the First National Bank of Boston as the core and formed the Boston Consortium.
Business scope of Boston consortium:
The strength of Boston consortium in industrial and mining enterprises is not as good as that of Oriental consortium. The industries it controlled used to be mainly textiles. Since the 1950s, MIT's scientific research achievements have been used to develop emerging technology industries, from textile industry to electronics, optics, aerospace and missiles. For example, Texteron, which it controlled, merged many small and medium-sized companies after the war and expanded its strength. Its business direction has also shifted from textile industry to aerospace industry and electronics industry, becoming a diversified company with more than 70 subsidiaries. It not only manufactures aviation and aerospace products, all kinds of electronic components and aircraft parts, but also operates the watch, furniture and poultry industries. One of its subsidiaries, Bell Helicopter Company, is an arms exporter, making helicopters for the Pentagon and foreign countries. Boston consortium has superior technical strength in developing emerging technology industries. The scientific research achievements of Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other famous schools have strongly promoted the development of cutting-edge industries in Boston. Its subsidiaries, such as Texteron, Raytheon and Boraroyd, have experienced rapid economic growth under the stimulation of emerging technology industries. Politically, the Boston consortium and Rockefeller Financial Group joined forces to support Kennedy's election as president. Kennedy entered the White House and won a large number of military orders for the Boston consortium, which caused strong dissatisfaction from the Morgan consortium. 1963165438+10 The assassination of Kennedy in October dealt a great blow to the Boston consortium, which made it lower in the competition with other consortia.
6. Mellon consortium
Mellon Financial Group, one of the top ten financial groups in the United States, is a monopoly capital group centered on Mellon family and started from finance. T Mellon, the founder, founded Thomas Mellon & Son Bank on 1869.
19 10 years later, American lead company has been monopolizing American lead production and is one of the industrial pillars of Mellon consortium. Another important industrial pillar is the Gulf Oil Company, which is one of the largest oil monopolies in the United States. The consortium also occupies a certain position in the production of iron and steel industry. It owns Armco Steel Company (jointly controlled by Rockefeller Financial Group and Cleveland Consortium), National Steel Company (jointly controlled by Cleveland Consortium), Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Company and Allegheny-Leder Haomei Industrial Company.
The influence of Mellon family:
Mellon family has a long history and operates hundreds of large enterprises including finance, aluminum, petroleum, coal mine, shipbuilding, steelmaking and other industries. Take Mellon Bank Company as an example. With assets as high as $30 billion, it is one of the top 25 banks in the United States.
Thomas Mellon, the founder of Mellon family, was a contemporary of Rockefeller. In Andrew Mellon's time, he made the family shine. 1929, 10 year124 October, the biggest economic crisis broke out in the history of capitalism in the United States. Within a week, Americans lost $654.38+000 billion in wealth in stock trading. Farmers pour milk into the Mississippi River to destroy the "surplus" products. At that time, a children's song was popular in new york: "Mellon blew the whistle and Hoover rang the bell. Wall Street signals that the United States is heading for hell! " Visible Mellon family influence in the United States at that time. Today, although the Mellon family has shown signs of decline for various reasons, it is still a big hegemon of the American economy.
7. Cleveland Consortium
Cleveland consortium is a monopoly capital consortium in the midwest of the United States, and its business is mainly based on basic industries. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was composed of Eaton, Hannah, Humphrey, Mather and other families. It is named after its activity center, Cleveland, Ohio. Starting from the iron and steel business, it gradually developed into rubber, railway and machinery manufacturing departments, and controlled and participated in the control of Gonghe Iron and Steel Company, Lex Youngston Steel Plate and Pipe Company, Armco Iron and Steel Company and National Iron and Steel Company. This consortium occupies a certain position in American industry. After World War I, it developed into a large-scale national consortium. Since the late 1960s, its development speed has slowed down and its status has greatly declined.
The economic strength of Cleveland consortium:
The economic strength of Cleveland Consortium is mainly in steel, rubber, railway transportation and other departments, and it has a certain position in American basic industries. The steel industry is the main interest of the consortium, which controls four of the largest 10 steel companies in the United States, namely, Gonghe Steel Company, Lex Youngstown Company, Armco Steel Company (jointly controlled by Mellon Consortium and Rockefeller Financial Group) and National Steel Company (jointly controlled by Mellon Consortium). Cleveland consortium also has important interests in American rubber industry. Goodyear Tire Rubber Company and Firestone Tire Rubber Company, the two largest rubber companies in the United States, are jointly controlled by Cleveland and other consortia. The financial capital of Cleveland Consortium is weak, and its five financial institutions, including Cleveland Trust Company, have limited strength, so they have to rely on the financial institutions of the Eastern Consortium, especially Morgan Consortium, to raise funds.
8. Chicago consortium
Chicago consortium is one of the top ten consortia in the United States, and it is a consortium in the Midwest of the United States. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was composed of the local rich families McCormick family, Wood family and the emerging Krone family, named after the Chicago area as the activity center.
The financial strength of Chicago consortium is relatively strong, and there are five major banks: Continental Illinois Company, First Chicago Company, Harris Bank Company, Northern Trust Company and Bank of America Company. In addition, there are two insurance companies: CNA Financial Company and National Insurance Company. In recent years, the Chicago consortium has been squeezed out by the Wall Street consortium, and its financial strength is not as good as before. Continental Illinois has been infiltrated by Morgan consortium and become a company jointly controlled by two consortia; The First Chicago Company is controlled by Rockefeller Financial Group, and the Chicago consortium actually belongs to these two consortia.
Chicago Alliance Products and Services:
The industrial fields controlled by Chicago consortium are mainly agricultural products processing industry, traditional agricultural machinery manufacturing industry and business aimed at agricultural areas. In the agricultural products processing industry, it controls 12 meat processing enterprises, among which Esmark Company and United Food Company are the larger ones. In terms of agricultural machinery, it owns International Harvester Company, Crawler Tractor Company (controlled by two consortia in Rockefeller Financial Group) and Deere Company. Tractors produced by these three agricultural machinery companies account for 60% of the national tractor sales market. After World War II, the Chicago consortium began to think about the expansion of the oil industry. It has invested heavily in Rockefeller Financial Group's Indiana Standard Oil Company and Texaco Company, and has an important personnel portfolio.
The Chicago consortium plays an important role in business. It owns huge commercial retail companies such as Sears-Lubak Company, United Department Store, Jewelry Store and Marshall Field Company. Sears-Lubak Company was established in 1866. At the beginning of the 20th century, its mail-order business achieved great development, with retail stores and supply points all over the United States. 1982, the company's assets increased by $36.6 billion, and its annual sales reached $30 billion, ranking first among American department stores.
9. California consortium
California consortium, one of the top ten consortia in the United States. After World War II, the emerging big consortia include Bank of America Group, San Francisco Group and Jingluo Group. During the Second World War, the economic strength of these three groups increased sharply with the rapid development of California's arms industry, especially the growth rate of financial capital was particularly alarming, forming a large consortium with Bank of America as its financial center. 1974 assets 167 1 billion dollars, ranking third among the top ten consortia in the United States, and playing a major role in American political and economic life. It and the southern consortium form a new force of the arms industry group and become a force to compete with the old consortium in Northeast China.
California consortium holding company:
The financial capital of California consortium is extremely abundant, and its main commercial banks include Bank of America, Western Bank Company, Security Pacific Company, Wells Fargo Company and Crocker National Company in San Francisco.
Bank of America is the financial core of California consortium, and its predecessor is the Italian bank founded by A.P. Chianni, a descendant of Italian immigrants in the early 20th century. Due to its rapid business development, it became the largest bank in the western United States in the 1920s. In the early 1930s, it merged with the Bank of America in California and changed its name to Bank of America (full name of National Trust and Savings Bank of America). World War II brought it huge profits, surpassing Chase National Bank in new york at that time and becoming the largest commercial bank in the United States. Only the largest voting right of Bank of America has been controlled by Morgan Consortium and First Citibank Consortium, and the power of California Consortium in Bank of America is far less than before.
The industrial and mining enterprises controlled by the California consortium were mainly agriculture and mining before the Second World War. During and after World War II, because California has become the largest arms production base in the United States, industrial companies controlled by consortia mainly produce arms. Such as Lockheed Aircraft, Litton Industries and Northrop Corporation. These companies are among the top ten arms dealers and arms exporters in the United States. After the war, Lockheed Aircraft Company ranked first in the US Department of Defense's arms orders for a long time. However, the control of these arms production companies gradually fell into the hands of the eastern consortium, and the strength of the California consortium declined relatively.
10, Texas consortium
Texas consortium, one of the top ten consortia in the United States. After World War II, a new consortium in Texas developed mainly by relying on the oil industry and the arms industry. Represented by the family founded by K.W. McKison, S. Richardson, H.L. Hunter, J. Braun and J.A. Elkins.
Strength of Texas consortium:
The bank capital of Texas consortium is relatively weak. Although it has four banks and three insurance companies, it has not formed a strong financial center. The four banks are: Dallas First National Bank, Houston First City National Bank, Dallas Republic National Bank and Texas Commercial Bank. The industrial and mining enterprises controlled by the Texas consortium are the largest in Houston. Originally the largest oil and gas pipeline transportation company in the United States, it has now developed into a diversified comprehensive company. Due to the infiltration of Rockefeller Financial Group, it has become a company jointly controlled by two consortia. In the arms industry, the Texas consortium controls two famous companies. One is LTV Company (formerly Ilya-Temko-Water Company), whose founder is J.J. Lin, who is good at mergers. 1960 merged Temko Aircraft Manufacturing Company, and 196 1 merged water company (manufacturing aircraft and missiles). Diversified management began in the 1980s, but it still focused on manufacturing arms, with rich profits and rapid development. The other is Hughes Aircraft Company, which was established in 1933. Its business was initially limited to design and experimental manufacturing, and 1942 began commercial production, manufacturing spacecraft, reconnaissance cameras and various aircraft parts. In the first half of 1980s, the electronic control system and other electrical components produced by the company were in a leading position in the American aircraft manufacturing industry, so the company's business was booming and its turnover increased greatly. In addition, the Texas consortium also owns some companies that produce cutting-edge high-tech industrial products, such as Texas Instruments.