Thinking is an indirect and generalized processing form and reflection process of real things by the human brain with the help of implicit or explicit language or action and representation. It, like feeling, is a reflection of the objective reality of the human brain.
Perception reflects the individual attributes of things, individual things and their external characteristics and connections, which is perceptual knowledge. Thinking can reflect the common and essential attributes of a class of things and the inherent and inevitable relationship between things, which is rational understanding.
Thinking is based on feeling and transcends the boundaries of perception. It not only reveals the intrinsic nature of things, but also explores the nature, relationship and regularity between things.
Thinking understands objective things through the function of other media, and can infer unknown things by using existing knowledge, experience and known conditions to deal with objective relations at multiple levels, which is the advanced stage of cognitive process.
Higher-order thinking activities and achievements may be different in breadth and depth. In other words, there are high-order and low-order thinking.
2. Where should the higher-order thinking be?
The essence of thinking is the conscious, indirect and general reflection of the human brain on the essential attributes and internal laws of objective reality. Therefore, thinking activities are often classified as cognitive activities, and thinking processes are often classified as cognitive processes.
Because thinking is often a cognitive activity based on processing, there may be differences in the processing difficulty, processing quality and inclusiveness and profundity of the reaction object of thinking results, which makes thinking divided into two levels. It is also prominent in the cognitive field.
Usually, most people associate advanced and low levels with the level of cognitive field in the classification of educational goals. It is considered that analysis, synthesis, evaluation and innovation are more abstract and complex, at a higher cognitive level and belong to higher-order thinking. This determination method is relatively simple, but only pays attention to the form, result and complexity of the activity, ignoring the internal thinking.
The characteristics and process of thinking activities ignore the fact that the essence of thinking is the indirect and general reflection of objective activities by the human brain, which is inaccurate and cannot reflect the initiative, abstraction, generality and comprehensiveness of thinking. Moreover, this practice actually boils down all thinking activities to cognitive activities, which is a narrow and simplistic view and does not conform to the actual situation.
Thinking activities are inseparable from emotional activities. From the actual situation, analysis, synthesis and evaluation can't guarantee that the thinking has reached a high level. Even if it is innovative, it does not necessarily mean that the thinking has reached a high level. Since you are in a high position, don't care about the form, result and complexity of the activity. Where should it be?
The author believes that higher-order thinking is suitable for the quality of corresponding thinking and activities. Because thinking is the human brain, the generalization and indirect reaction to objective things realized through language appearances and actions is a process of generalization and reflection to objective reality. Therefore, higher-order thinking should have the following characteristics.
1. integrity.
Pay attention to thinking about things as a whole, carry out all-round, multi-level and multi-faceted analysis and synthesis, pay attention to the whole process of movement and change of things, and fully consider the concreteness. Various related factors and their influences within the scope show strong systematicness.
2. far-reaching
Can deeply touch the essence and laws of things, not be confused by superficial phenomena, accurately grasp the most fundamental and important relationship between internal and external practices of things, and even break through the limitations of disciplines.
3. Wide adaptability
Because connection is the essence of similar things, the application scope of higher-order thinking is often wider, more inclusive, and so on.
Profound is often associated with abstraction and generalization, which can enhance the comprehensiveness and extensiveness of thinking. Therefore, for the characteristics and quality of higher-order thinking, profundity, comprehensiveness and adaptability may be more important, and completeness and broadness can be used as a measure of profundity.
Systematic thinking, especially complex systematic thinking, is a powerful guarantee to realize the advanced and comprehensive thinking. Philosophical thinking of dialectical materialism is an effective practice on a comprehensive and profound basis, and it is the fundamental guarantee to go deep into the primary level, essence and law of movement and change of things. Seeking truth from facts is the premise and basic guarantee to realize wide adaptability.
From this, it can be further determined that in order to learn and master advanced thinking. We should learn and be good at systematic thinking, dialectical materialist philosophical thinking, be brave in practice, attach importance to results, seek truth from facts and accumulate experience.