1. Risk source: Risk source and risk are inseparable. Risk refers to the uncertain consequences of an event, which may be loss or gain. The risk that can bring benefits, but the size of benefits is uncertain, is called income risk; The risk of possible gains and losses is called opportunity risk; The risk that will only bring losses is called pure risk. For example, by danger we mean pure risk. People or things that can bring risks, or events, can be regarded as risk sources.

2. Probability: Probability, also known as probability, probability (probability) or possibility, is the basic concept of probability theory. Probability is a measure of the probability of random events. Generally, the real number between 0 and 1 indicates the probability of events. The closer to 1, the more likely it is to happen. The closer it is to zero, the less likely it will happen. This is an objective argument rather than a subjective verification.

3. Danger degree: Risk consequence refers to the impact of risk events on project objectives. The losses caused by risk events should be measured from three aspects: the nature of risk losses (politics, economy and technology); Scope of risk loss (severity, change and distribution of possible losses); Time distribution of risk loss (whether the risk event is sudden or causes loss gradually with the passage of time, whether the loss is felt immediately after the project risk event or needs to be revealed gradually with the passage of time, and the possible time when these losses occur).

4. Force Majeure: Force Majeure is an exemption clause, which means that after the signing of a sales contract, the party who has an accident is exempted from the responsibility of performing the contract or delayed to perform the contract due to unforeseen, unpredictable, unavoidable and uncontrollable events, not due to the fault or negligence of the parties to the contract. In China's General Principles of Civil Law, it means "unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable"

Second, risk prevention.

5. Preventive measures: risk treatment methods adopted to eliminate or reduce various factors that may cause losses before losses occur. Risk prevention refers to taking preventive measures to reduce the possibility and degree of loss. Building water conservancy projects and building shelterbelts are typical examples. Risk prevention involves the comparison between current cost and potential loss: if the potential loss is far greater than the cost of taking preventive measures, risk prevention measures should be taken. Taking the construction of dams as an example, although the construction cost is high, it is insignificant compared with the huge disaster caused by floods. 6. Definition of contractual liability: In the civil law system, contractual liability is usually called liability for breach of contract, which refers to the legal liability assumed by the parties to a contract when they fail to perform their contractual obligations. From this definition, we know that "liability for breach of contract" is the product of breach of contract obligations. At the same time, it embodies the legislative intention of legislators to punish the breach of contract obligations, which is to investigate the liability of the defaulting party for breach of contract. The contractual liability system thus constructed is that non-performance of contractual obligations is divided into various forms of breach of contract, and different contractual liabilities are set according to different forms of breach of contract. "Responsibility" has become the basic point of defining contract responsibility and constructing contract system in civil law system.

7. Risk transfer: a way to deal with risks by transferring risks to another person or unit through contract or non-contract. Risk transfer enables the loss caused by risk to be transferred. In the international sale of goods, it specifically means that the risk of goods borne by the original seller is transferred to the buyer at a certain time.

Three. Risk disposal

8. Risk pre-planning: The response plan is a process of formulating risk response strategies and measures according to the results of risk analysis, so as to improve the chances of achieving project objectives and reduce the negative impact of risks.

Basis for making risk response plan: risk management plan, risk ranking table, quantitative risk ranking table, probability distribution of project risks, probability of completing project cost and schedule objectives, list of potential risks, risk takers and risk reasons.

Methods and tools for making risk response plans

(1) Avoid risks:

Advantages: simple, easy, comprehensive and thorough.

Specific methods: give up or terminate an activity and change the nature of an activity.

(2) Transfer risk: consciously transfer the risk loss or financial results related to the loss to another unit or individual.

① Controlled non-insurance transfer: the legal liability for loss is transferred, and the transferor's liability for loss to the transferee and the third party is eliminated or alleviated through contract or agreement.

② Financial non-insurance transfer: the transferor seeks external funds to compensate its losses through contracts or agreements.

③ Insurance: signing insurance contracts through specialized agencies to transfer risks to insurance companies.

(3) Loss control: eliminate the source of loss before loss occurs, reduce the frequency of loss events, and reduce the degree of loss after risk events occur.

(1) loss prevention: various specific measures taken to eliminate or reduce various factors that may cause losses before losses occur.

(2) Loss control: various measures taken to reduce the scope of loss when or after the loss occurs. 4) Retaining risks: also known as taking risks. It is a measure for the project organization to bear the losses caused by risk accidents.

9. Disaster relief measures: the struggle to prevent and save the damage caused by risks to the project.

Fourth, engineering insurance.

10. All Risks of Jian 'an Project: All Risks of Construction Project covers all losses caused by natural disasters or accidents during the construction of various civil, industrial and public construction projects, including roads, dams, bridges and ports.

All risks of construction projects cover a wide range of risks and damages, that is, all unexpected losses except those listed in the insurance policy are covered, especially those caused by the following reasons:

Losses caused by fire, explosion, lightning strike, plane crash, fire fighting or other rescue;

Tsunami, flood, tide, flood, earthquake, rainstorm, storm, avalanche, landslide, landslide, freezing disaster, hail and other natural disasters;

General theft and robbery;

Losses caused by poor construction due to inexperience, negligence, negligence, malicious behavior or incompetence of workers and technicians;

Other unexpected events

1 1. Third-party liability insurance: Third-party liability insurance refers to an insurance in which an insurance company compensates a third party for its property or personal injury due to the fault of the insured. Third-party liability insurance is compulsory insurance, which is of great significance to maintaining social stability, making up for the losses of third parties and reducing the burden on the insured.