Author: Unknown Source: Ji Cheng Category: Futures Topic

-

Before 1978, the agricultural production capacity of China was stagnant. The widespread implementation of household contract system in rural areas has aroused the enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of farmers in China to grow grain. Over the past 20 years, this basic system has been perfect and stable, and farmers' enthusiasm for production in China has not diminished. This is the fundamental reason for the stable development of agriculture in the past 20 years.

In the past 20 years, grain production in China has developed steadily. By the first half of this year, the cumulative grain output was 821270,000 tons. The average annual growth rate of grain output reached 2.7%, far exceeding the population growth rate. At present, the per capita grain output is 400 Jin, which is 28% higher than 3 18.7 Jin in 1978 and nearly 1 times higher than 208.9 Jin in 1949. With the continuous development of grain production, the per capita output of meat, aquatic products, eggs, fruits and vegetables in China also exceeds the world average.

Grain production in China has developed steadily, with the total output reaching 350 million tons, 400 million tons and 450 million tons continuously. 196 broke through the 500 million tons mark and became the world's largest grain producer. From 65438 to 0997, China's total grain output was 494180,000 tons, an increase of 62.2% compared with 304.75 million tons in 1978, with an average annual increase of 2.58%.

It is worth noting that the growth of China's total grain output is realized under the condition that the total cultivated land area is reduced. 1978, the total cultivated land area in China was 99.389 million hectares, and 1996 was 95.467 million hectares.

In the past 20 years, on the basis of the stability of basic policies such as land contract and the actual needs of agricultural production, the reform of rural economic system in China has been deepened continuously, which has promoted the continuous development of grain production.

During the period of 1978- 1984, the rural reform focused on gradually promoting the household contract responsibility system from point to point, and the rural economy showed extraordinary growth. During this period, agricultural production increased by 7.3% and total grain output increased by 4.9% annually.

From 1985 to 1988, the rural reform focused on changing the circulation system of agricultural products and adjusting the rural industrial structure, and the rural economy showed regular growth.

From 1989 to 1992, during the period of comprehensive adjustment of the national economy, rural reform still focused on the adjustment of industrial structure, reforming the grain purchase and sale system and cultivating the agricultural product market. After rectification, China reversed the downward trend of agricultural production, and grain production got out of the stagnant predicament, and agricultural production achieved an average annual growth of 5.2%. From 1990 to 1992, grain production achieved high yield for three consecutive years.

From 1993 to 1998, the rural economy recovered rapidly and grew steadily. The main content of rural reform is to accelerate the establishment of a market economic system.

Increasing the input of farmers, the state and the collective is an important guarantee for the stable development of grain production. Because the enthusiasm for production has been protected, farmers have become the main investors in agricultural production. 1986 rural residents' personal investment in fixed assets was 57.48 billion yuan, and 1995 rose to 200.79 billion yuan, an increase of nearly 3.5 times.

The state has also increased its investment in agriculture. The central capital construction and financial funds for supporting agriculture have grown steadily. The national bank's loans to agriculture have been increasing, reaching 357.24 billion yuan in 1996. The agricultural investment of rural collective economic organizations has also increased substantially, especially the funds for township enterprises to supplement agriculture with industry have increased steadily.

The rapid development of agricultural science and technology popularization has made China's agriculture, especially grain production, even more powerful. According to experts' calculation, the contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress in China was 27% during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, increased to 34% during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period and reached 42% during the period of 1997.

In the past ten years since 1987, the popularization of science and technology has been generally strengthened in various places, with emphasis on hybrid rice, hybrid corn, high-yield and high-quality wheat, rice dry-raised seedlings, seed coating, precise and semi-precise sowing of wheat, plastic film mulching, straw mulching and water-saving irrigation.

Since 1995, the state has organized and implemented the "seed project" aimed at improving the quality of seed supply and popularizing excellent varieties, intensified the scientific research of breeding, improved the seed popularization network, rectified the order of seed market, promoted the specialization of seed production, mechanization of processing, standardization of quality and collectivization of management, and made the scientific research and popularization of seeds reach a new level.

With the continuous improvement of agricultural production conditions in China, the ability of agriculture to resist disasters and win good harvests is getting stronger and stronger.

Water conservancy construction continued to develop. 84,000 reservoirs have been built nationwide, with a total storage capacity of 480 billion cubic meters. 1997, the effective irrigation area in China reaches 512.39 million hectares, accounting for 54% of the total cultivated land area. The national water-saving irrigation area reached130,000 hectares, and the effective utilization rate of irrigation water reached 40%.

The level of agricultural mechanization has been continuously improved. 1978 The total power of agricultural machinery reached 418.4 million kilowatts, 2.56 times higher than that of 1978. The mechanization level of cultivated land, sowing and harvesting reached 60.6%, 23.4% and 14% respectively.

Agriculture tends to be chemical and electrified. The fertilizer application rate increased from 8.84 million tons in 1978 to 39.8 million tons in 1997, an increase of 3.5 times. The variety structure of chemical fertilizer tends to be reasonable, the proportion of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer increases, and compound fertilizer grows rapidly. Rural electricity consumption reached 654.38+0.98 billion kWh, an increase of 6.8 times in 20 years.

Agriculture, especially grain production, is the foundation of the national economy. At the turn of the century, in the tide of market economy, 900 million farmers who have been baptized by 20 years of reform and opening up will certainly be able to paint a newer and better chapter and make greater contributions to increasing effective supply and ensuring the sustained growth of the national economy.

Vietnam's agriculture accounts for a large proportion in the national economy. 1988, the per capita land of agricultural population in Vietnam is 1.98 mu, and the per capita planting area is 1.7 mu, which is a country with a low per capita planting area.

(1) food crops

The food crops in Vietnam are mainly rice and miscellaneous grains. Grain production is still "dependent on the weather" to a great extent, and due to other factors, the growth rate of grain is lower than the growth rate of population, and even if the weather is favorable, it can only be hungry or semi-hungry. 1980 is the year with the highest planned output in the second five-year plan, with the grain output of14.38 million tons, which is lower than the historical highest years of 210 million tons and 3 1.5%, and the annual grain shortage is 2-3 million tons. 198 1 year, after the implementation of the contract system in rural areas of Vietnam, farmers' enthusiasm for production was stimulated to some extent, and grain production developed. 198 1 annual grain output 1565438+ ten thousand tons, 1983 reached 1738. 1988 reaches190,000 tons. 1989 the sown area of early and late rice is 5.085 million hectares, and the total grain output exceeds 2 100 tons, of which rice180 thousand tons, an increase of 7.8% over the previous year. 199 1 year, the rice yield reaches 1965438+ ten thousand tons. The bumper harvest has reduced the price of rice in all parts of Vietnam from 700 guilders/kg in the previous two years to 500 guilders/kg, and the price of rice in the southernmost part of Vietnam has even dropped to 400 guilders/kg (equivalent to RMB about 0.5 yuan/kg at the free market price). In the same year, Vietnam exported about10.4 million tons of rice. According to the prediction of world economic experts, Vietnam is expected to become one of the world's major rice exporters in the next few years. The price of rice exported from Vietnam is low, which is 15-20% lower than the international market, and it has certain competitiveness.

Miscellaneous crops mainly include corn and cassava. Northwest Vietnam, North Vietnam, Xiyuan, Southeast Vietnam and Mekong Delta are all corn producing areas. Since 1976, the annual corn planting area is about 4.5-5.85 million mu, and the per capita output is only 8 kg. Cassava is widely planted in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas of Vietnam, but due to lack of planning and careful management, the average yield per mu is only 460-530 kg. Corn and cassava are the staple foods of mountain residents. In recent years, the area and yield of these two crops have shown a downward trend. 1979, the total output of miscellaneous grains was 3 million tons, accounting for 22% of the total grain output. 1983 dropped to 2140,000 tons, accounting for only 12.6% of the total grain output.

(2) cash crops

Vietnam's climate, rainfall and soil are all suitable for the growth of various cash crops. There are many cash crops in Vietnam, including peanuts, soybeans, sugar cane, tobacco leaves, ramie, cotton and cattail. Perennial crops include tea, rubber, coffee and so on.

#FH Tea ##[R] Vietnamese tea-producing areas are distributed in Huanglianshan, He Xuan, Beitai, Luo Shan and Yongfu provinces, Guangnan-Da Nang and Fuqing provinces in the middle, Xiyuan, Calais-Song Kun and Tonglin provinces. 1983 The national tea area was nearly 50,000 hectares, which will be expanded to150,000-200,000 hectares according to the plan. 199 1 year, the tea output reaches 30,900 tons.

#FH rubber ##[R] is distributed in the eastern provinces of southern Vietnam, especially in Tong Nai and Xiaohe provinces, with the largest rubber area, followed by Xining, Duole and Calais-Song Kun provinces. 1975, the Vietnamese government took over the 12 rubber plantation left by the French in Tongnai Province and established Tongnai Rubber Company. At present, Vietnam Rubber General Administration owns 17 rubber companies and 126 farms, with152,000 employees and a total rubber area of172,000 hectares. 199 1 produces 52,000 tons of rubber.

#FH Coffee ##[R] Coffee is one of the key cash crops in Vietnam and the main export commodity, mainly produced in Xiyuan, central Vietnam. Duole Province, located in the center of Xiyuan, accounts for half of the country's coffee planting area and 60% of the country's coffee exports. Followed by the northern province of Yijing. In recent years, the area of coffee gardens jointly developed by Vietnam and CMEA member countries has been expanding, with the output of 199 1 reaching 45,200 tons.

#FH Tobacco ##[R] The famous tobacco producing areas in China are lang son and Gaoping in the north, which account for 89.2% of the total tobacco area in mountainous provinces. Hai Shun Fushan in the south, Tai Fang in Tongnai Province, Shoude and Guzhi in Ho Chi Minh City, Goose Oil and Anjiang in Xining Province, Tongta and other places have established tobacco producing areas, covering an area of over 65,438+/kloc-0.00000 hectares. 1990 plans to expand to 80,000 hectares.

In addition, Yingjing, Qinghua, Hebei, Xining and other provinces are rich in peanuts. In recent years, the planting area and output have increased, and peanuts are exported to all provinces and cities in China. Sugarcane is abundant in the Red River, Lanjiang River, Pearl River, Xiaohe River, Tongnai River and the southern coast of Central China. 199 1 year, the national sugarcane output is 5.4 million tons.