China: Structural problems of modern economic system in China 1, feudal natural economy, foreign capitalist economy and national capitalist economy. Natural economy is the basic form of feudal social economy, and its basic feature is "self-sufficiency". The "foot" here is not abundance, but mainly refers to economic forms that maintain a low level of productivity, such as men plowing and women weaving, and less commodity exchange. Its development trend is towards disintegration, but it continues to exist and occupies a dominant position for a long time. It is the economic foundation of the late Qing government and the regime of the Northern Warlords, the most backward production relationship in China society, and the root that hinders the progress of China. Therefore, China must be anti-feudal if it wants to be rich and strong. Foreign capitalist enterprises are an economic form that emerged in China to meet the needs of the invasion of western powers. Driven by two industrial revolutions, its power has advanced by leaps and bounds. From 1960s to the end of 19 and the beginning of 20th century, it gradually controlled the economic lifeline of China. Politically, the foreign forces invading China actually became the "emperor of the emperor" above the Qing Dynasty. The collusion between Chinese and foreign reactionary economic and political forces is the main factor that causes the suffering of China people and hinders the development of China. Therefore, China should be rich and strong, but also anti-aggression. China's national capitalism was the most progressive and revolutionary economic component in early modern times, which mainly provided the economic basis for social changes such as the Reform Movement of 1898, the Revolution of 1911 and the May 4th Movement. However, the nature of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society determines the defects of national capitalism-congenital deficiency and acquired deformity. During World War I, the national industry made great progress, but it still could not change this situation. From the distribution area, it is mainly concentrated in the southeast coast; It is difficult to compete with foreign capital from the perspective of capital technology; From a departmental perspective, it is mainly light industry; From the perspective of development reasons, it is objectively an opportunity provided by contradictions among western powers. It is not difficult to see the difficulties and weaknesses of its development, which inevitably determines the defects and failures of the bourgeois political movement. 2. Bureaucratic capitalism and new-democratic economy. Bureaucratic capitalism needs to be clarified. It is a local product of China, but it does not represent the interests of the Chinese nation. But in order to adapt to foreign powers dumping goods, exporting capital and plundering resources in China. It is attached to foreign capitalist economy. The law of its emergence and development is completely different from that of western capitalism, especially showing the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social and economic characteristics of China. It is the inevitable result of China's economic development, and it appeared in the form of monopoly from the beginning. First of all, the new democratic economy must be a "revolutionary" economic form. It is not a complete economic form, but a transitional form during the transition from capitalism to socialism, which is determined by the special semi-colonial and semi-feudal nature of China. The new democratic economy before the founding of New China mainly refers to the economic base of the base areas or liberated areas led by the Communist Party of China (CPC). Just as the democratic revolutionary camp is composed of several revolutionary classes, it is also composed of several economic forms-individual small farmers, small businessmen, enlightened landlords and rich peasants, national capital enterprises, agricultural mutual aid economy with the budding nature of socialism and public military and civilian enterprises. Because it is a transitional economy as a revolutionary process, it is more important to embody the revolutionary economic policies: confiscation of landlord land, implementation of peasant land ownership, preservation or restriction of rich peasant economy, protection of small and medium-sized businesses, and opposition to bureaucratic capitalism and foreign capitalism. The new-democratic economy is the economic foundation of the new-democratic revolution led by China's * * * production party, which represents the economic interests of all revolutionary classes in the democratic revolution. The process of new-democratic economic development is the process of constantly changing the semi-colonial and semi-feudal economy. 3. The development trend of modern economic forms in China and their interrelationships. The coexisting economic forms in this period: feudal natural economy, foreign capitalist economy, national capitalist economy, new democratic economy and bureaucratic capitalist economy. Interrelation: ① Natural economy is attached to foreign capitalism and bureaucratic capitalist economy, which hinders national capitalism; At the same time, the development of other four economic forms is disintegrating the natural economy. ② Foreign capitalist economy and bureaucratic capitalism collude, depend on each other and contradict each other. (3) The existence of national capitalism among feudal economy, bureaucratic capital and foreign capitalism is both revolutionary and subordinate. ④ The development of new-democratic economy is greatly hindered by the reactionary economy at home and abroad, and its development is changing the semi-colonial and semi-feudal situation of China day by day. Development trend and political influence: ① The national capitalist economy is shrinking day by day under the suppression and exclusion of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, which proves that the road to bourgeois harmony in China is coming to an end. (2) The feudal economy, foreign capitalist economy and bureaucratic capitalist economy are declining and dying, and the Kuomintang regime, which colludes with China's reactionary forces and imperialism, is heading for collapse. (3) The new-democratic economy is developing and maturing day by day, and the new-democratic revolution led by the * * * Production Party in China is heading for victory, and the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social situation in China is finally over. 4. The economic development trend of New China. The economic recovery period from (1) 1949 to 1952 should be the establishment of a new democratic economy from the economic basis. The specific contents include land reform to establish farmers' land ownership, confiscation of bureaucratic capital to establish a state-owned economy, and allowing the development of private industry and commerce. These policies are determined by the national conditions of China and the reality of the China Revolution, which is an inevitable stage for China, a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, to embark on the socialist road. Its main feature is that under the leadership of the socialist state-owned economy, various economic components coexist. From the development requirements of the democratic revolution and the national conditions of China at that time, we can analyze the policy contents and reasons after the founding of New China. For example, why the land reform is still a form of private ownership of farmers' land, and it has adjusted the national capitalist industry and commerce without changing its nature, and so on. (2) The comprehensive socialist construction after socialist industrialization from 1953 to 1956 is characterized by the formation of a highly centralized planned management system. This system should be given a historical dialectical evaluation. Under the historical conditions at that time, this was not only necessary, but also played a great role in restoring economy, consolidating political power and building socialism. Only with the continuous in-depth development of economic construction, some aspects that are incompatible with productivity are increasingly exposed. The reasons for its formation are: reference to the Soviet economic model; China lacks experience in economic construction, so he copied the way of political struggle; The need to fight against Chinese and foreign reactionary forces under extremely difficult circumstances in the early days of the founding of New China and so on. (3) During the transitional period, China's * * * production party adopted two different policies towards two capitalist economic sectors; Confiscation and redemption. This is mainly determined by their respective properties and functions. Bureaucratic capitalism is the product of collusion between Chinese and foreign reactionary forces. It is the economic foundation of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal social form, one of the three mountains that press on the people of China, and the foundation of Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary rule. Therefore, the China * * * production party adopted the policy of confiscating bureaucratic capital. Although the national capitalist economy is also exploitative, whether in the period of democratic revolution or socialist revolution, due to its contribution to the revolution and its attitude of cooperation with China, the China * * * Production Party realized the transition from private ownership to public ownership through redemption. (4) After1956, we should pay special attention to the wrong aspects, such as being divorced from the center of economic construction, from the actual economic construction goals of our country, and from the imbalance of various departments, and sum up experiences and lessons. (5) Understand the meaning of reform and opening-up based on productivity factors, and understand the economic characteristics and economic construction goals in the primary stage of socialism. Macroscopically grasp the transformation of China's economic system from a highly centralized planned economy to a socialist market economy. Combining history with reality, theory with practice, this paper analyzes the necessity of the establishment of planned economy system and the transformation to market system. In essence, this transformation is to reform a series of links in production relations that are not suitable for the development of productive forces on the premise of adhering to the socialist system, so as to give full play to the superiority of the socialist system and promote the liberation and development of productive forces. China embarked on the socialist road from a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, with a low level of productivity and still in the primary stage, which determines the current economic system in China. This change is a shining example of combining Marxism with the reality of China's construction. In content, this transformation includes: developing a single public ownership economy into a multi-ownership economy with public ownership economy as the main body; The highly centralized management system will be changed to a system that focuses on indirect management, supplemented by macro-control, and combines macro and micro, planning and market. It also includes the separation of ownership and management rights, the separation of government from enterprises, the expansion of enterprise autonomy, the implementation of the contract management responsibility system, and the establishment of a socialist market economic system; Implement various forms of distribution methods and policies based on distribution according to work. From the middle of 5th19th century, the social and economic structure of China changed: ① 1840, Britain launched the Opium War, which forced the Qing government to sign the treaty of nanking, opened five trading ports in the southeast coast of China, negotiated tariffs, dumped goods and plundered raw materials to China, and gradually brought China into the capitalist market system. (2) In the 1960s and 1970s, stimulated by foreign capitalism and the Westernization Movement, some landlords, bureaucrats and businessmen invested in new enterprises, and modern state capitalism appeared in China society. (3) After the Sino-Japanese War, imperialism exported capital to China. Since then, China's feudal economy, national capitalist economy and foreign capital have coexisted, which is a typical semi-colonial and semi-feudal economic form. (4) 1927, after the establishment of the Nanjing National Government, the four families quickly amassed huge wealth and formed bureaucratic capital in a short period of time, relying on state power and imperialism. ⑤ After the founding of New China, the land reform of 1950- 1952 completely wiped out the feudal land system of more than 2,000 years. From 1953 to 1956, the country completed the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce, and established a socialist public ownership economy.