Historical records? Li Si in Biography of Li Si is a legendary figure with ups and downs in Qin Dynasty. He reached the peak of his career by helping Qin Shihuang unify China, and was finally beheaded by five punishments in Xianyang, hoping to swim to the east gate of Cai with his family. Scholars at all times attribute the tragedy of Reese's life to his greed for wealth, which is due to his humble and dark philosophy of "where is life". These analyses are undoubtedly correct. This paper wants to further point out that there is a deeper academic root of Reese's life tragedy, that is, Xunzi and Han Fei's theory of human nature.

I. Academic Background of Historical Figures During the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, China had a long tradition of attaching importance to academic theory, which deeply influenced people's pursuit of life value and behavior. The academic thought in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty was relatively simple, mainly reflected in the etiquette formulated by the rulers. The ideological and academic connotations of historical figures described in Guoyu and Zuozhuan mostly belong to the category of propriety and righteousness in poetry and songs. Of course, with the gradual delay of the ritual system in the Western Zhou Dynasty, some historical figures have overstepped the etiquette, allowing their inflated political ambitions and endless greed to naturally emerge. After entering the Warring States period, various schools of thought emerged one after another. At that time, almost all elites from all walks of life stood under the theoretical banner of a certain school of philosophers and consciously used this theory to regulate their thoughts and behaviors, thus making their personality patterns show obvious school tendencies. When we read "The Warring States Policy" and "The Warring States Policy", we will obviously feel that the ideological connotation of historical figures in the Warring States period is very different from that before the Spring and Autumn Period. They all have very unique personality characteristics, their own value pursuits and different behaviors, and almost all their personality phenomena can be explained by the thoughts and theories of various schools they believe in. This phenomenon of guiding ideology and speech with a hundred schools of thought continued until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone. In particular, people in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties were sincere except for a few people whose words and deeds were different. Good is really good, and bad is really bad. They believe in and obey a certain ideological theory, so they act firmly and sincerely according to this theory, and their words and deeds are consistent. Like a Mohist figure who believes in universal love, he can really go through fire and water for others in action and never die immediately; Taoist figures represented by Yang Zhu advocated for me that it is impossible to pull out a dime for the world, and they also used this theory to lobby the world; Strategists who are good at international strategy openly claim that their pursuit of life is wealth, regardless of the social responsibility of the people and scholars all over the world, and it is also in real political life. Legalists who advocate the rule of law are despicable and ungrateful in real life? . Great men are great and have a clear-cut stand; Shameless people are shameless and aboveboard; It is to turn an ideology from theory to action into its own personality model.

In a word, their personalities are unified, and there is no personality split phenomenon of some arrogant and unruly offspring. Li Si is a historical figure with strong academic color who entered Qin from Warring States. There are two thinkers who have the greatest influence on Reese's personality psychology: one is his teacher Xunzi, and the other is his classmate Han Fei. Lisi absorbed and sublated Xunzi's thoughts and theories, but he was convinced of Han Fei's theories. In this sense, Han Fei's academic influence on Lisi is even greater than Xunzi's. Reese and Yao Jia conspired to kill Han Fei out of the despicable psychology of jealous talents, but he completely put Han Fei's academic thoughts into practice. Li Si's life choice at the critical moment of history basically followed Han Fei's theory of human nature, which eventually led to his destruction.

Second, Xunzi's theory of evil nature and Lisi's life choice of seeking profit can be roughly divided into three schools: one school thinks that human nature is neutral and there is no distinction between good and evil, just like water, the east will flow eastward and the west will flow westward. This school is represented by the high posture in Mencius, the sexual pretence in bamboo slips of Guodian Chu Tomb, and the Warring States Chu in Shanghai Museum. One school advocates the theory that human nature is good, and believes that the key to human nature is cultivation. Everyone can think of Yao and Shun as long as they are committed to cultivating goodness. This school is represented by Mencius. One school advocates the theory of evil nature, represented by Xunzi. Later, Han Fei, a disciple of Xunmen, accepted Naishi's theory of evil nature and made new progress. Xunzi believes that human nature is the pursuit of profit, so human nature is ugly. Xunzi? "Wang Ba" said: "A lady's affection is to be licked by eyes, ears, mouth, nose and heart. These five people, human feelings are inevitable. "Xunzi?" "The Theory of Evil Nature" said: "If a husband has lustful eyes, good ears, good taste, good heart and good skin, he is born of human feelings, feels natural, and is born after waiting for things. "Xunzi? Honor and disgrace said: "Everyone has something in common: hunger means food, cold means warmth, fatigue means rest, good means benefit, and evil means harm.". People are born, people are waiting, and it is the common ground of Yu Jie. "That is to say, people's senses are naturally profit-seeking, and it is human nature to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages. Then, why do greedy people do good deeds and why do some people become saints? Xunzi has a saying called metamorphosis and falsification. False, yes, means the creation of the day after tomorrow. Turning nature into falsehood is to influence, correct and change the ugly natural nature of human beings through the efforts of acquired human beings. Xunzi? " "Book of Rites" said: "Sex is simple; Fake people, art and science flourish. No sex, no falsehood; Without falsehood, nature cannot be self-beautiful. Sex is fake, and then it becomes the name of a saint, and a day's work is done. "Sages play a key role in transformation and falsification." The Theory of Evil Nature says: "Therefore, sages become forgeries, and forgeries give birth to proprieties and righteousness, and proprieties and righteousness give birth to laws, and proprieties and righteousness give birth to saints. "How to turn nature into falsehood? Xunzi advised students to learn, that is, to be a gentleman by learning the etiquette of poems and books. Changing customs is particularly important to culture. "The Scholars" said: "Note the wrong (measures) customs, so it is also culture; It's different, so add it up.

Habit changes ambition and stability changes quality. If we are unified, we will be connected with God and participate in heaven and earth. ""Xunzi? There is a saying in "The Theory of Evil Nature": "People who paint can be redundant." Xunzi? "Honor and Disgrace" also said: "Those who are Yao and Yu are not born, and husbands are born out of misfortune, cultivated and reserved." Xunzi and Mencius, one is good and the other is evil; Evil claims turn nature into falsehood, while good claims cultivate goodness. In the end, all roads lead to the same goal, and the conclusions that "everyone can think of Yao and Shun" and "all painters can be Yu" are drawn respectively. Reese only accepted the first half of Xunzi's theory of evil nature, that is, he thought that it was human nature to seek benefits, and abandoned the idea of turning nature into falsehood and eventually becoming a saint. Historical records? "Biography of Li Si" contains: "I learned from Xun Qing the skills of emperors. It is not enough for the king of Chu to learn, but the six countries are weak and have nothing to do, and they want to enter the Western Qin Dynasty. Xun Qing said, "When I heard about it, I was never idle. I took advantage today, and the tourists have the final say. Today, the king of Qin wants to swallow the world and rule it by the emperor. This cloth is sometimes the autumn of lobbyists. If you are humble and don't do it, this bird and deer look at meat, but people can be strong. Therefore, shame is greater than meanness, and sorrow is greater than poverty. Being in a humble position for a long time, in the land of suffering, is not the evil interests of the world, nor the feelings of a scholar who relies on inaction. Therefore, Sri Lanka will talk about the Western King of Qin. " "This is the true expression of Li Si's heart. Li Si, who lived at the end of the Warring States Period, saw that he was in a changing historical moment and was determined to do something to help the poor get out of trouble and get to the top. He said that the greatest shame in life is meanness and the greatest sorrow is poverty. If a person can't change his humble and pitiful situation by doing nothing for himself, it's like sighing at birds and sighing at deer. It can be seen that he regards the pursuit of fame and fortune as the essential feature that distinguishes human beings from animals. When Teacher Li Si left her job, what she said was a biography of Xunzi's theory of human nature and benefit. This shows that from the day he left the master school, Reese had no intention of becoming a saint at all. All he thinks about is fame and fortune, and all he says and does is fame and fortune. Since then, Reese has been "grasping the opportunity and gaining both fame and fortune". He presented a plan to the king of Qin to annihilate the Shandong governors: "The governors and celebrities can stay rich; Those who refuse, stab them with the sword. The king of Qin followed the plan of his monarch and ministers and made his good generals follow. " ("Historical Records? Through various conspiratorial means, Li Si finally helped the king of Qin to unify the whole country, and he also ascended the position of prime minister. After Qin unified the world, Lisi tried to figure out Qin Shihuang's psychology and frequently made new moves to keep Lu and protect his pets. He studied poetry, calligraphy, etiquette and Yi from Xunzi, but after he came to power, he regarded poetry and calligraphy as sworn enemies, wholeheartedly catering to Qin Shihuang's autocratic intention of governing the country by torture, and suggested that Qin Shihuang burn hundreds of words of poetry and calligraphy, prohibit everyone from discussing current affairs, and implement a foolish policy of obliterating culture; He accompanied Qin Shihuang around the world, and everywhere he went, he carved stones to praise Qin Shihuang; He put Han Fei's autocratic theory into practice, and used severe punishment as a means of governing the country, turning the whole country into a big prison. After decades of painstaking and dismal management, Lisi himself has reached the level of "wealth" in clothing and shoes, and realized the profit-seeking nature of human beings: "Men keep Sanchuan, many men devote themselves to Princess Qin, and women realize that they will marry the son of Qin." ("Historical Records? Biography of Li Si) is in the position of "it's too cold above". While being grateful, intoxicated and grateful, Li Si seems to have a vague nameless fear: "extremes meet, I don't know what to do!" ("Historical Records? At the peak of his career, he was afraid of prosperity and decline, and he lost his wealth without thinking about how to turn evil into good. His words and deeds vividly reflect Xunzi's theory of evil nature, but he throws Xunzi's theory of turning nature into falsehood to the outside world. There are also two exhortations in his life. On one occasion, the king of Qin ordered the expulsion of guests. He wrote a famous book "Persuade the Guests", which successfully prevented him from becoming an expeller. The other time was a letter of duty to Qin Ershi, which was also for self-protection. Reese never considers the interests of the whole world and the social responsibility of scholars. He only has himself in his heart. Sima Qian in Historical Records? Biography of Lisi criticized Lisi for "knowing the return of six arts, failing to make up for the deficiency of the master, emphasizing the noble and the humble, being obedient and disorderly, and severely punishing the law". The academic reason lies in the half-hearted theory of human nature that Lisi accepted from Xunzi. Thirdly, Han Fei's theory of the relationship between monarch and minister and the tragic plot of Lisi's struggle for sand dunes are important historical events that determine the personal fate of Qin and Lisi, and Lisi played a key role in this event. At this critical historical moment, it is not Xunzi's thought of minister and Taoism that ultimately dominates Reese's actions, but his classmate Han Fei's theory of human nature and the resulting theory of the relationship between monarch and minister. Although Xunzi talked about evil nature, his ultimate goal was to guide people to become saints. He once wrote a special article "The Way to Be an Official", arguing that an official should not flatter and covet the position of Lu, but should be a minister who remonstrates, argues, helps and flatters. He divided the loyalty of officials into three levels: restoration by virtue, assistance by virtue, and remonstrance against injustice. He asked officials to be loyal to ministers on major festivals and to assist the monarch with morality, benevolence and righteousness. Although it can't be said that Xunzi's thought had no influence on Reese, when he made the final choice between being a loyal minister and safeguarding his own interests, Reese rejected Xunzi and accepted Han Fei's theory of monarch and minister. Han Fei inherited Xunzi's sexual desire thought and further applied it to interpersonal relationships. Han Fei believes that the behavior of people from all walks of life is dominated by interests without exception. Did everything wrong? The foreign reserve said "upper left" and said: "Those who get the benefits will return to it, and those who get the name will die. "Everything is wrong? Benet said, "Therefore, Wang Liang loves horses, and Gou Jian, the King of Yue, loves others to fight and gallop. Doctors are good at sucking human wounds, including human blood, not flesh and blood relatives, but also benefits. Therefore, to be a man, you want to have money; The craftsman turned into a coffin just to make people die. If the craftsman is not kind, he will be a thief. If he is not expensive, he won't sell it. If he hadn't died, he wouldn't have bought a coffin. Love is not hateful, but also beneficial to people's death. "He believes that people deal with interpersonal relationships from the perspective of their own interests. Did everything wrong? The foreign reserve said, "Top Left" said: "The laity is devoted to the tiller, which is ingenious and strange, and does not love its master. If so, the soup is beautiful, the money is distributed and so is Yi Yun. "This means that farmers work hard to get a good meal and high pay from their owners.

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