1. With public ownership as the main body, various forms of ownership coexist.
2. Build a socialist economy by using the commodity-currency relationship.
3. State capitalism.
On the basis of fully understanding Russia's national conditions, the new economic policy uses the relationship between market and commodity currency to restore and develop the economy, improve and consolidate the alliance of workers and peasants, and gradually transition to socialism.
How did developed countries adjust their economic policies after World War II?
In view of the progress of science and technology, the continuous development of socialized mass production, the increasingly fierce international competition and the new features of the economic crisis after World War II, developed capitalist countries have adjusted their relations of production and economic structure without shaking capitalist private ownership. Or the new changes in the economy of post-war capitalist countries are mainly:
1. In economic policy, strive for the best combination of macro-control and market economy. After the war, western developed countries generally established economic adjustment mechanisms to solve key problems, adopted Keynesianism one after another, and strengthened government intervention in the economy. Its main measures are to increase the number of state-owned enterprises, intervene in the economy by financial means, regulate the economy by monetary policy, implement full employment, the government directly participates in the redistribution of national income and occupies a leading position, and formulates various economic and social development plans to regulate market activities. To some extent, state intervention has eased the contradictions within the capitalist mode of production, but it has caused credit and inflation, fiscal deficit, shrinking production and increasing unemployment.
After 1970s, western countries turned to modern monetary school and supply school theory. Pay attention to controlling inflation, emphasize monetary policy and supporting monetary policy with budget, consider the principle of efficiency over fairness, and emphasize the profits of private enterprises. The main reform measures are: re-privatization of state-owned enterprises and the implementation of so-called "people's capitalism" characterized by decentralized equity; Tightening monetary policy, cutting public welfare projects and promoting the development of social welfare in the direction of diversification, privatization and marketization; Implement tax reform that is beneficial to the rich and enterprises; Reduce government intervention in enterprises; Formulate strict trade union laws, crack down on trade union activities and so on. The above measures have played an obvious role in curbing inflation and enhancing the vitality of the market economy, but they have sharply widened the gap between the rich and the poor in society.
In the 1990s, developed countries became more flexible in applying macro-control policies, combining Keynesianism, monetarism and supply school in theory. This two-pronged policy is to explore the best combination of government control and market regulation. They all regard reducing fiscal expenditure, balancing budget revenue, lowering long-term interest rates and curbing inflation as the focus of economic policies.
2. The capital ownership relationship is more diversified and the economic structure is constantly changing. The change of economic structure reflects the growth and decline of various departments and types of economy in a country. The changes in the economic structure of developed capitalist countries are mainly manifested as follows: First, on the basis of private ownership, ownership forms are more diverse. Group ownership, state ownership, legal person ownership, enterprise ownership and capitalist individual ownership coexist. The adjustment of ownership forms has improved the socialization of capital, and state-owned enterprises and recognized participants have made great progress.
What changes have taken place in China's ownership structure and economic system?
The establishment of socialist market economic system is the fundamental innovation of China's economic system and the fundamental way to realize socialist modernization, which has its own qualitative stipulation and basic characteristics.
First of all, the socialist market economy is different from the traditional planned economy.
After the founding of New China, we gradually implemented a highly centralized planned economic system in economic construction. This planned economy model has its own characteristics and disadvantages. Mainly: the form of ownership is becoming single day by day, excluding multiple economic forms and multiple modes of operation; The decision-making power of economic management is concentrated in the hands of the state, and the enterprise only relies heavily on the economic entity of the higher-level government, or is an appendage of the administrative organ; The basic method of economic management is administrative means, and economic planning is mainly realized through administrative instructions and physical distribution, with little or no market regulation; In terms of distribution, the state will be responsible for profits and losses, enterprises will eat the "big pot rice" of the state, employees will eat the "big pot rice" of enterprises, and so on. With the consolidation and development of socialist national economy, the disadvantages of highly centralized planned economy system are increasingly exposed, which hinders the development of socialist social productive forces to some extent.
The establishment of the socialist market economic system is a fundamental change to the traditional planned economic system. It is no longer a traditional planned economy, but a market economy with the basic attributes of a market economy.
1. Independence and equality of market players. It means that individuals and enterprises are equal and independent economic subjects, have the power to make economic decisions independently, and bear the risks brought by decisions independently. This is essentially different from the economic model in which government departments make economic decisions and take responsibility under the planned economy system.
2. The market plays a fundamental role in resource allocation. Under the condition of market economy, various markets have been established, forming a unified and open market system. Prices are formed by the market, which ensures the free flow of various commodities and production factors, and various economic resources are basically allocated by the market. This is essentially different from the government's allocation of resources under the planned economy system.
3. Indirect government macro-control system. Under the condition of market economy, the government indirectly macro-controls economic activities mainly through various non-administrative means. This is fundamentally different from the direct administrative means to manage the economy under the traditional planned economy.
4. Market economy is legal economy. Various activities of the market economy are mainly regulated by various laws and regulations.
In international communication, we should follow international practices and norms.
Secondly, the socialist market economy is an economic form combined with China's basic socialist system.
The socialist market economy is also a market economy. As a market economy, there is no distinction between "society" and "capital". However, the market economy is always combined with the unique historical conditions and basic social systems of various countries, so it has its inherent characteristics. China's socialist market economy is closely related to socialist public ownership, China's leadership and the goal of common prosperity, which is essentially different from the capitalist market economy based on private ownership.
First, from the economic point of view, China's socialist market economy is a market economy that operates under the condition that public ownership is the mainstay and various economic components, including the private economy, develop together. At present, the market economy in capitalist countries is based on private ownership of means of production, while in some former socialist countries, the transition from planned economy to market economy is mostly carried out at the same time as privatization. China implements market economy under the condition of insisting on public ownership as the main body. Adhering to public ownership as the main body and implementing market economy is a great pioneering work. Therefore, in the process of establishing the socialist market economic system, we must adhere to and improve various forms of public ownership economy, straighten out the relationship between the state and enterprises, and further transform the operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises. In this way, the mixed ownership structure with public ownership as the main body, especially the state-owned and state-controlled large and medium-sized backbone enterprises, will give full play to their own advantages, ensure the rational layout of the national economy, save resources and operate the market in an orderly manner.
Second, from a political point of view, China's socialist market economy is dominated by China and strongly regulated by the government. In a big country like China, modernization, national unity, people's unity, social stability and democratic development all depend on the leadership of the Party. Without the leadership of * * *, it is bound to fall apart and accomplish nothing. Since the reform and opening up, under the leadership of the Party, China has made great achievements that attract worldwide attention on all fronts. Carrying out the socialist market economy in China is the only way to realize socialist modernization and an arduous pioneering undertaking. Only under the leadership of China can we succeed. At the same time, in the process of establishing the socialist market economic system, the government must carry out strong macro-control and create a stable, safe, orderly and just social and economic environment for the market economy through economic and social policies, economic regulations, planning guidance and necessary administrative management.
Third, from the goal, China's socialist market economy should take the realization of common prosperity as the fundamental principle. The capitalist market economy is based on private ownership, and private possession of property will inevitably lead to the infinite expansion of private capital and the polarization of society. However, China's market economy allows a reasonable income gap and encourages some people to get rich first, but the ultimate goal is to achieve common prosperity, not to lead to polarization. "The richer the rich, the poorer the poor." This is because: (1) the expansion of private capital will be restricted by the system, and the participation of private capital in distribution will be restricted to some extent to avoid the expansion of private capital. (2) The development of economy and technology, the formation of labor market and the free flow of labor force will help to implement the principle of distribution according to work and narrow the personal income gap caused by non-labor factors between different regions and different enterprises. (3) In order to ensure the socialist nature of the market economy, the government will prevent and correct the excessive expansion of the income gap through various macro-control measures to ensure the realization of the goal of common prosperity.