1, favorable conditions for agricultural development in India:
India is rich in land resources. The cultivated land area in India ranks first in Asia, reaching 65.438+0.43 billion hectares, and the cultivated land per capita is 0.654.38+0.6 hectares, which is about twice that of China. In the land area, cultivated land accounts for about 47%, and India is rich in water resources, with a total annual rainfall of 3.93 trillion cubic meters. There are many rivers in India, the most important of which is Ganges, with a total length of 2,700 kilometers and more than 65,438 tributaries, with a drainage area of 1.06 million square kilometers. Followed by Brahmaputra, Godavari, Narmada and Krishna rivers. Abundant rainfall and numerous rivers provide favorable conditions for agricultural production and irrigation. The irrigated area in China accounts for 32.8% of the cultivated land area. India has a tropical monsoon climate, with four seasons throughout the year.1-February is the cool season, March-May is the midsummer, June-September is the southwest monsoon rainy season, and10-0/2 is the northeast monsoon season. The lowest temperature in the north is 150C, and the temperature in the south is as high as 27℃. Almost all the year round, crops can grow all the year round, and the heat resources are quite rich.
2. Because about 70% of the population in India are rural people, slightly more than 50% of the labor force is engaged in agricultural production. According to the data of 20 1 1, since 1980, the five-year moving average of agricultural output value based on 1999 has never exceeded 4% in 2000. It was not until the last two years that its growth rate got rid of the fairly stable downward trend since1early 1990s.
3. Let me quote an article from Indian Business Online 2011218.
Original title: China's agricultural experience is worth learning by Indian policy makers.
Global food safety and rising food prices are closely related to the economic development and agricultural production of Indian and China, two Asian countries. The rapid economic growth and the improvement of income level have increased people's intake of high nutrition and calories, which has further increased the pressure on agriculture in both countries.
Comparing India and China, although China has less arable land and irrigated land comparable to India, China's grain output is twice that of India. Both countries face periodic droughts and floods. India has been busy dealing with the environmental impact of river-related projects, and the government's policies on fresh water storage and sustainability have been dragged down by slow decision-making and opposed by environmentalists. China has started many large-scale water conservancy projects, such as the Three Gorges Dam and the South-to-North Water Transfer Project.
India and China have grain reserves every year, about 50-60 million tons in India and 65.438+0.5-65.438+0.8 billion tons in China. Because of the huge grain reserves, the food system is not very dependent on the international market, which helps China to curb food inflation in difficult times. As far as grain storage infrastructure is concerned, China has the capacity to store 200 million tons of wheat and rice, while Indian storage capacity is only 87 million tons.
The goal of agricultural policies in these two countries is to achieve self-sufficiency and food security. China strives to increase food production by using high-yield seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. Driven by stagflation of grain consumption and increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, milk, dairy products and meat, China has also focused on cash crops. Since 1970s, Beijing has invested a lot of money in agricultural research and development, especially in cultivating high-yield rice seeds.
Although there are some similarities in policies between India and China, there are obvious differences in agricultural markets, subsidies and cooperative financing systems. India has private ownership of land, while China has collective ownership. China government directly subsidizes farmers, while India is indirect subsidies. Compared with India, China has a mature commodity exchange and futures market, and stricter policies to restrict the conversion of cultivated land to non-agricultural use. Unlike India, China has set a price ceiling to minimize the impact of food inflation.
India's agricultural trade with the rest of the world is limited. 20 1 1, the export of agricultural products was $25 billion and the import was $8 billion. On the other hand, China implements a free agricultural product import policy and is one of the largest commodity importers in the world. In 20 10, the import of agricultural products was $65 billion, and the export was $30 billion. The value of agricultural products was more than three times that of India. China's agricultural trade deficit is increasing, but it is balanced by manufacturing and electronic products export. This makes China keep food inflation below 6%, while Indian food inflation exceeds 10%. ▲ Author Sharuba Bart, translated by Chen Yi)