At the end of the 20th century, the Titanic, which sank for nearly a hundred years, reappeared in front of people with the lens of Hollywood directors. The sinking of the 10,000-ton ship on the screen, the thousands of passengers who died at the bottom of the sea, the calm musician when the ship sank, and the unforgettable lover will make many people cry again. ...
1907, Bruce Ismay and Harland &; Lord James peary, a partner of Wolff Shipbuilding Company, plans to build three luxury ships. The first two ships were named Olympic and Titanic respectively. The name "Titanic" comes from the giant "Titan" in Greek mythology.
At noon on Wednesday, the great ship set out from Southampton for new york. /kloc-On the night of April in 0/4, the huge ship hit an iceberg. That night, 705 people were rescued and 1502 people were killed, which left many thoughts for future generations. ...
The shipwreck with the largest number of victims-1987 Philippine shipwreck
In the 20th century, major shipwrecks occurred more than once, but the Philippine shipwreck 1987 alone caused thousands of deaths. For people in the island country of the Philippines, boats or ferries are the main means of transportation between more than 7,000 islands, so maritime accidents often occur. On February 20th, 1987, 1987, the ferry "Donapas" collided with the oil tanker "Victor Hill" in the waters near the Philippines, causing more than 4,300 deaths (it is also reported that it was more than 2,000), which caused the biggest maritime disaster in peacetime in the history of international shipping.
The passenger ship Donapas was built in Japan on 1963, weighing 2,300 tons and carrying 608 passengers. Later, it was modified to carry 15 18 passengers at most. 12 On February 20th, "Donatong" was going to Manila for Christmas, so there were many more people by boat than usual. According to the statistics of Philippine Passenger Transport Company, only 1530 passengers are officially registered to take this passenger ship. But this figure does not include hundreds of children who don't buy tickets, employees who hold passenger company passes and don't have to buy tickets, and other ticket evaders and people who are going to board the ship to make up tickets. These figures are incalculable. The lowest estimate of the total number of people on board is more than 2,000, and the highest estimate is more than 5,000. In a word, the number of passengers far exceeds the ship's quota 15 18. There are people everywhere on the deck, in the corridor and in the cabin. It's so crowded that it's difficult to go to the toilet.
At 5: 30 in the morning, Donatong, carrying thousands of passengers, anchored and set sail. At about 10 the next night, Dona Pass sailed for Marinduk Island, which is 160 km south of Manila, and it will take several hours to reach the destination. Some passengers slowly fell asleep and the noisy cabin gradually quieted down.
Suddenly someone shouted: Look, there is light on the sea! People immediately focused their curious eyes on the bright spots looming ahead. The bright spots are getting closer and closer, more and more ... and someone shouts, no, it's an oil tanker! It was too late. The hull of Donapas gave a violent vibration and a huge explosion occurred at the same time. In an instant, all the lights on the passenger ship went out and the machine stopped running. Flames are blazing and smoke is rolling. It turned out that the passenger ship Donapas collided with an oil tanker named Victor, and the passenger ship was almost broken in the middle. "Victor" is a 629-ton Philippine oil tanker with more than 8,000 barrels of oil on board, which is heading for Masbat Island at full speed. The collision of two ships caused a fire.
The passengers on the deck of the Donapas became fire terrans, their clothes were burning and their skin was burnt. There is no other way to escape. People have jumped into the sea, but the oil floating on the sea is burning. The wrecked sea is in a terrible state. The bodies of the victims floated on the burning sea. There are few survivors among these bodies. Lei Natuo, a boy aged 19, became one of the limited survivors. He went to Manila for Christmas with his family. This is the first and last time for the whole family 1 1 members to go to Manila. Fortunately, a passenger ship saved him.
The first person who rushed to the scene for rescue was the passenger ship "Don Claudio". The crew searched for more than three hours at sea, and * * * rescued 26 survivors, only one of whom was a woman, and others were burned to varying degrees by the fire. Captain barranco ordered the 26 people to be sent to Manila Hospital for treatment and contacted the Philippine government. 65438+February 2 1 At 7: 00 a.m., the Philippine government learned of the shipwreck and immediately took urgent action. Military helicopters, planes, merchant ships and motorboats were dispatched urgently. Mrs. Aquino, the former president of the Philippines, used her private yacht to participate in the rescue activities. Navy ships and helicopters from the US military base in the Philippines also rushed to the accident area, hoping to find survivors. Some fishermen also actively cooperated with the rescue activities and volunteered to join the rescue. However, after a busy day, people got nothing.
On February 22nd, 65438, a miracle happened. A helicopter took a 5-year-old boy to Manila Hospital. The doctors and nurses got excited and shouted, "No.27, No.27 ..." It turned out that when the passenger ship sank, the boy's father grabbed a piece of wood from somewhere for the children to hold on to. The obedient child clung to the life-saving wood. After drifting at sea for two days, he was rescued by a fisherman, and he was lucky to be the 27th survivor.
The shipwreck of Donapas was the most serious shipwreck in the era of world peace in the 20th century. Because the number of people on board is not clear, how many people died, I am afraid I will never draw an accurate number.
After the accident, the then Philippine President Mrs. Aquino issued a statement calling the accident a "national tragedy". She also ordered the relevant departments to conduct a thorough investigation into the shipwreck. According to preliminary investigation, the main cause of the accident is the lack of skilled skills of the passenger ship helmsman. If the experienced helmsman had discovered this situation, the disaster could have been completely avoided. However, it is more difficult to find out the cause of the accident because the captains of the two ships are missing.
At the request of the families of the victims, the Philippine government decided to hold a public funeral for the unclaimed bodies and build a monument engraved with the names of all the victims to remind people of this tragedy.
List of sunken ships in the 20 th century
Serious shipwrecks often occur in the Philippines, which is the country with the largest number of shipwrecks in the world. The latest shipwreck occurred on February 26th, 2004. That night, the "Super Passenger Ship 14" with 899 passengers and crew sailed from Manila to Bacolod, a port city in the central Philippines. In the early morning of the 27th, the ship suddenly exploded and caught fire near the island of Coresido at the mouth of Manila Bay. The death toll has not been announced, but 86 people have been announced.
Not only the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Maldives, but also most countries with maritime history have suffered many shipwrecks. According to incomplete statistics, in the 20th century, there were at least 10 shipwrecks that killed more than 100 people just because of fires.
1On June 5th, 903, a fire broke out on the cruise ship "General Slocombe" in new york Port, USA. All the parts above the waterline of the ship were burned, and 693 tourists were burned to death.
1917 65438+On February 6, 2007, the Belgian lifeboat Imo collided with the French arms ship Monte Blanc in Halifax Port, Canada, igniting the toluene on the deck, which led to TNT explosion, resulting in 1600 deaths, 9,000 injuries and 65,433 injuries.
1On September 7th, 934, a fire broke out on the American cruise ship Mo Lokas sailing on the routes between new york and Havana, resulting in 135 deaths and 300 missing. The cruise ship worth $5 million was completely destroyed.
On April 4th, 1944, a British freighter carrying inflammable and explosive articles such as cotton and sulfur in Mumbai, India, first caught fire and exploded, affecting the 13 ship moored in the harbor, resulting in a gross tonnage of 50,000 tons. 1500 people died and 3,000 people were injured.
1947 April 16, a cargo ship named "Getken" berthed at the port of Sikki, Texas, USA exploded. The ship carried 2300 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer. The fire burned for 3 days and 3 nights, and the neighborhood of Xiji City 1/3 was in ruins, and 3/4 chemical enterprises were destroyed, resulting in 1500 deaths.
1949 September 17, a fire broke out on the passenger ship "Noronnik" moored at Ontario Pier in Toronto, Canada, and 1 107 of the 4 passengers on board were burned to death.
1983 in may, an oil tanker carrying liquefied petroleum gas caught fire in the Rhine river in Europe, killing 3 17 people.
On February 20th, 1987, 1987, the Philippine passenger ship "Dona Paz" collided with the oil tanker "Victor" on the way from Wright Bay to Manila, causing more than 4,000 deaths.
1988, 16 In July, an explosion and fire accident occurred on the Parfa oil production platform in the British North Sea, killing 166 people and injuring 20 others. The oil production platform is 200 meters above sea level, with an investment of 900 million US dollars, and 1976 was completed.
On April 7th, 1990, the Danish ferry "Naville Star" caught fire while sailing in the Geraker Strait in Hokkaido. The Danish fire brigade immediately dispatched a helicopter to rescue after hearing the news. Fire brigades from Norway and Sweden also sent helicopters for rescue. When the burning ferry was pulled to Rusechilno, Sweden at 2300 hours, it exploded again, killing 150 people.
Due to the progress of shipbuilding industry and the development of a series of navigation technologies, shipwrecks that caused thousands or even thousands of deaths in the early 20th century showed a downward trend. However, in the last 15 year of the 20th century, there were still heavy casualties (repetition is not counted).
1 986 September1day, the Soviet passenger ship "General Nakimov" collided with a Soviet cargo ship in the Black Sea, killing 398 people.
1988101On October 24th, a passenger ship in the Philippines was sunk by a typhoon on the high seas, killing 254 people.
1 991March1day, a transport ship carrying Somali refugees sank off the coast of Kenya, killing 250 people.
19911215 A ferry between Egypt and Saudi Arabia sank in the Red Sea, killing 476 people.
1992 On April 15, two ferries collided off the coast of Nigeria and Cameroon, killing 300 people.
1993 February 16, a Haitian transport ship sank in the southern waters of the country, killing 800 people and leaving 500 missing.
1On July 2, 993, a ferry in the Philippines sank, killing 326 people.
1993 10 June10, a ferry sank in southwest Korea, killing 282 people.
1On August 20th, 994, a ferry capsized in East Bengal, killing 250 people.
1On September 28th, 994, the passenger ship "esto Nia" from Tallinn to Stockholm sank, killing 852 people. 137 survived.
1996 On May 2 1, a Tanzanian ferry sank in Lake Victoria, killing more than 700 people.
1 April 9981day, a ferry sank off the coast of Nigeria, killing 280 people.
1On February 6, 1999, an Indonesian warship sank in the waters near Brunei, and 3 12 people were missing.
1 999 April1day, a Nigerian passenger ship sank in a storm, killing 250 people.
1999 10 6 18, an indonesian passenger ship sank in the waters near Iran, killing more than 200 people.
1999165438+1On October 24th, a China general cargo ship "Dashun" with 3 12 passengers sank near the east coast of China, causing 282 people to be killed or missing.
On June 22nd, 2000, a ferry sank in Sichuan, China, causing 130 people to be killed or missing.
A major shipwreck in China
Yes, China was not spared in these major shipwrecks. There may have been people engaged in maritime activities in China since the distant unknown times. The legendary Xu Fu doesn't know where the fairy tale went, and several large-scale expeditions to Japan in the Yuan Dynasty also suffered heavy losses because of the bad sea conditions. If not, Japan would have been conquered by the Yuan Dynasty and incorporated into Chinese territory. Since then, shipwrecks have been a history book for hundreds of years. The latest shipwreck occurred in 1999.
1999165438+124 October 13, the "Dashun" mixed passenger and cargo ship operated by Shandong Yanda Automobile Ferry Co., Ltd., with 304 passengers and 6/kloc-0 vehicles, departed from Yantai local port for Dalian. When adjusting the course, the ship was sailing across the wind and waves, and the hull swayed at a large angle. Due to the poor fastening of the vehicles on board, the deck caught fire and the engine on board failed. After many rescues, it sank at 23: 38, causing 282 deaths and direct economic losses of about 90 million yuan. This is the "1 1.24" catastrophic shipwreck. The accident investigation and handling ended in June, 2000 165438+ 10, and the responsible personnel were severely dealt with. Four responsible persons, including Gao Feng, general manager and Yu Chuanlong, deputy general manager of Yanda Automobile Ferry Co., Ltd., were expelled from the party and public office, and were investigated for criminal responsibility according to law; Li Chunting, Governor of Shandong Province, Han Yuqun, Vice Governor, Huang Zhendong, Minister of Communications, Hong Shanxiang and other 13 leading cadres and related personnel were subject to corresponding disciplinary actions.
The responsible person was punished, but the life of the deceased was irreplaceable. It is reported that at the moment when the ship was about to capsize, a female passenger begged a sister around her: My son is really unlucky and will lose his parents! Take care of him for me later! Before her voice fell, a wave came to separate them. Only one woman survived the whole shipwreck, but the orphan mother didn't!
Shipwreck, salvage, humanity
The sea is mysterious, and sinking is often inevitable when scientific and technological conditions are not available. The worst shipwreck is causing casualties. In addition, it will cause environmental pollution, property losses and other consequences. In fact, most shipwrecks are man-made. For example, Titanic, Donatong and Dashun in China. These human factors are often: poor management of shipping companies, inappropriate timing, inappropriate ship conditions, improper loading or overloading of cargo ships, serious overloading of passenger ships, improper operation during driving, fires and other emergencies. The natural response is to strengthen management and minimize the possibility of man-made accidents. If there is a shipwreck, there is also a set of emergency rescue plan and time disposal plan. At the same time, international cooperation should be strengthened to deal with shipwrecks.
All this, the best way is to use the power of law to bring management into the track of the rule of law. 1989 the diplomatic conference held by the international maritime organization in London adopted a new salvage convention, the international salvage convention. 1992, China passed and promulgated the Maritime Code of People's Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Maritime Code), in which the ninth chapter is "Salvage at Sea", and other chapters also contain provisions on salvage at sea, which constitutes the legal provisions on salvage at sea in China's maritime law.
Article 171 of the Maritime Law stipulates: "The provisions of this chapter shall apply to the rescue of ships and other property in distress at sea or in navigable waters the same as the sea." This article stipulates that the objects of rescue defined from two aspects include "ships and other property in distress". At the same time, the maritime law also stipulates the "salvage money", the salvage contract, the obligations of the salvor and the salved party, as well as the principles, guarantees, sister ship salvage and national salvage. With the revision of the Constitution, the stipulation of the "state of emergency" of major natural and man-made disasters, the forthcoming "Emergency Law" and a series of maritime administrative regulations, China has basically established a relatively complete legal mechanism for shipwreck adjustment. There are strict management systems for ship operators, government departments with management responsibilities, government managers, ship operators, loading and unloading regulations, maritime claims, etc. Especially maritime claims, although life is priceless, fair compensation can still bring some comfort to the families of the victims and also punish those responsible.
On April 20th, 1950, the Xin 'an sailing from Dalian to Yantai was sunk by the American Golden Bear, killing 70 people. The government of China filed a compensation lawsuit against the ship and obtained compensation. Countries that have suffered recent shipwrecks have also made compensation. Of course, a standardized insurance system and people's insurance awareness are also necessary.
However, the system is always dead, and people are alive. When a shipwreck occurs, the mental state of the people in distress is also very important. Just like Titanic, only those iron plates, rivets and human bodies sank to the bottom of the sea, but the human spirit was not conquered. When the ship sank, eight musicians played music calmly at the last minute. That flying note embodies the dignity and nobility that human beings will not bow to the fierceness of nature until they die. Today, 90 years later, people are still amazed at how those musicians and crew members can have such great courage, do not run or escape, and stick to their posts to perform their duties; How can you have such a noble humanitarian sentiment, giving the lifeboat to children and women and keeping the last moment for yourself? According to statistics afterwards, 76% of the crew members were killed, which exceeded the proportion of all passengers in the first class, second class and third class on board.
The performance of the passengers is also very touching. Billionaire John Jacob Asd is one of the richest people in the world. He has more than 2000 dollars in cash in his pocket. He asked the lifeboat official if he could accompany his pregnant wife on board. After the sailor said "women and children go first", he returned to the deck like a real gentleman and sat there quietly until the ship sank. The fallen chimney on the ship smashed him into the Atlantic Ocean.