Since Enshi Airport belongs to Hubei Airport Group, should the local government worry about the expansion? This involves how the government manages enterprises.
Due to the collapse of the planned economy in the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, the financial difficulties caused by the high social welfare in most old industrial countries, and the rapid economic growth in government-led East Asian countries, some foreign scholars have re-emphasized the role of the government. Ten years ago, the World Bank put forward the issue of government effectiveness in a World Development Report, and pointed out that the strategy of government reform should be to adapt the government's actions to its capabilities and improve the government's capabilities by revitalizing public institutions. To establish an effective government, first, we should pay attention to the way the government formulates rules; The second is to pay attention to the behavior of the government through these rules. However, how the government should manage enterprises, what the government should manage, to what extent and how to manage them, there are still many problems that need further study.
As we all know, airport reform is the key and difficult point of state-owned enterprise reform, so it has become the final reform content. Under the planned economy system implemented in China for many years, the tradition of direct airport management by the government and airport development and management by the government has been formed. This deep-rooted tradition has basically not been touched in the process of reform in recent years. All along, the leaders of Enshi Air Station are "quasi-officials" with corresponding administrative levels appointed by the government. Inside the airport, under the long-term dependence on the government, "cadres can go up and down, employees can go in and out, wages can be high and low, and welfare can be more and less". The heavy personnel burden has given the airport the internal motivation to expand.
The Government's Role in the Market Economy System —— Basic Theoretical Framework
In order to deeply study how the government should manage enterprises under the market economy system, we must first clarify the role of the government in the market economy system and establish a basic theoretical framework.
Government has two concepts: broad sense and narrow sense. The former refers to all organs that exercise state power, including legislative organs, administrative organs and judicial organs. The latter only refers to the administrative organs in the organs of state power.
First, historical review-two tendencies
Since the birth of market economy for more than two hundred years, there have been many different views on the role of government, which can be roughly divided into two tendencies: negative and positive, and their extremes can be called "government uselessness" and "government omnipotence". For example, among some scholars in the period of free capitalism, Adam Smith emphasized in his "The Wealth of Nations" that free competition is "an invisible hand", which can spontaneously adjust the operation of the economy, and the state's intervention in economic life often hinders it. James stuart, on the other hand, emphasizes effective demand and government intervention, and requires the state to attach importance to effective demand and adopt intervention policies to protect the rights of modern citizens.
Before 1930s, the ideological trend of "government uselessness" was dominant. Many scholars emphasize that the natural laws of production and exchange are the expression of eternal rationality and individual humanity as the foundation of human society. Therefore, the wisest thing to do is to let everyone choose their own path in economic activities without government intervention. For example, John Mill believes that the law of wealth generation has the nature of natural truth and is eternal, and people can't choose it at will; The distribution law of wealth depends on the laws and habits of society, which is historical and changing. Another example is Marshall's book Principles of Economics, which tries to describe capitalism as an ideal society, and describes laissez-faire and state non-intervention policies in economic life as the best policy. Some people even suggested: "The government with the least management is the best government."
Since the economic depression and unemployment in Britain and the capitalist world became more serious in the early 1930s, the traditional vulgar economic theory that capitalism can achieve economic development and employment balance with the help of the market automatic adjustment mechanism has been criticized by many people, and people have re-emphasized the role of the government. His masterpiece is the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money published by Keynes in 1936. The publication of this book is called Keynesian Revolution. Keynes put forward the necessity of wise management of capitalist economy, and began to shift from the traditional laissez-faire view to the view of state intervention in the economy. Keynes put forward the definition of effective demand and various factors influencing effective demand, and advocated strengthening state intervention in the economy, adopting fiscal and financial means, increasing public expenditure, lowering interest rates, and stimulating private investment and consumption in order to improve effective demand and achieve full employment. Since then, the trend of thought of "government omnipotence" has taken a dominant position, and Keynesian theory has become the most influential and even dominant school in contemporary western economics. Under its influence, the role of the government has been improperly exaggerated, and the scale and responsibility of the government are also expanding. According to the statistics of the World Bank, at present, the government expenditure of the old industrial countries accounts for almost half of the GDP, and that of the developing countries accounts for about 1/4.
As mentioned above, some changes in recent years have caused people to rethink the role of the government. With the increasing trend of global economic integration, the development of science and technology and the increase of people's material and cultural needs, if the government wants to play the role of "savior", it will inevitably feel increasingly powerless. Therefore, the government should realize the limitations of its own ability and concentrate on what it should do, such as establishing a legal basis, maintaining policy stability, investing in infrastructure, maintaining social equity, and protecting the natural environment. The responsibility of management scientists lies in using system science, policy science and emerging complex science to study what the government should do, what not to do and how to do it, so as to provide decision support for the reform of government institutions.
Second, the market economy is based on the free enterprise system.
What is the essence of market economy, how does it work, and why can the market be used as the main means of resource allocation? Economists of different schools have different views. This paper does not intend to comment on these various theories, but tries to discuss the above problems from a different perspective-the perspective of management science, using the open complex giant system theory put forward by Professor Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist in China. On the whole, the market, as the sum of occasions where buyers and sellers can trade freely, is an open and complex giant system. It is mainly composed of thousands of manufacturers and buyers in Qian Qian. There are countless close ties and intricate interactions between them, forming various hierarchical structures (such as rural small market, urban market, regional market, domestic market, world market, etc.). ) and functional structure (such as primary product market, industrial product market, capital market, labor market, technology market, information market, etc. ), and it has matter, energy and information with the outside world. The market economic system includes the economic system based on the market and various economic activities based on the market.
Before 1930s, many economists studied the individual behavior and internal laws of individual enterprises in isolation, which mostly belonged to the category of micro-Confucian classics. Keynes began to study a large number of overall concepts, such as investment, consumption, income, unemployment rate and so on. That is, he pays attention to the overall behavior and internal laws of the market economy system and enters the category of macroeconomics. In the following decades, although microeconomics and macroeconomics have made great progress, such as enterprise theory, input-output analysis, economic cybernetics, institutional economics, transaction cost theory, option pricing theory and so on. There is always a lack of a theory that can link micro-enterprise activities with macro-economic operation, and macro-economic theory often lags behind or even deviates from the objective reality of economic development. This has prompted some economists to explore new ways.
The development of system science provides a feasible theory to solve the above problems, that is, self-organization theory. Due to the interaction between the units in the system, the system can develop and change in the direction of stronger functions and better adaptation to the external environment, such as biological evolution, technological progress, social development and so on. This process is called system self-organization. As Professor Qian Xuesen pointed out: "When a system moves towards an orderly structure, it can be called self-organization …". Enterprises are the cells of the market. They are both producers and buyers. Thousands of independent enterprises in Qian Qian are active in the market and promote economic development through self-organization. Therefore, from the perspective of management, it can be said that there is no market economy without the free enterprise system. But this freedom is relative, not absolute, because the decisions made by each enterprise are bound to be restricted by other enterprises and influenced by the external environment. The disorderly movement of thousands of enterprises in Qian Qian at the micro level can promote the economic development in a more reasonable direction at the macro level, which is the direction pointed out by system science to solve the above problems.
1984, with the support of Nobel Prize winners gherman, philip anderson and kenneth j. arrow, a group of researchers engaged in physics, economics, theoretical biology, computer and other disciplines gathered to organize the Santa Feinstein-Tut Institute. SFI), specializing in the research of complex science, tries to find solutions to complex problems such as the origin of life, biological evolution, economic development and technological progress through the integration of disciplines, and has achieved some meaningful results, such as positive feedback phenomenon, chaos phenomenon and competition law in economics.
Third, government intervention in the economy is crucial.
Under the market economy system, the market is the main means to allocate resources and adjust the economy, which requires every enterprise to produce the goods needed by the market for buyers in the most economical and reasonable way. However, in order to overcome the "market failure" in some cases, meet the minimum needs of low-income groups for daily necessities, prevent some people from harming social welfare in pursuit of personal interests, protect national economic security, and mitigate the impact of changes in the international economic environment on national economic development, the government needs to carry out necessary macro-control on the national economy.
In his book Economics, Samuelson attributed the role of the government in the economy to three functions: improving efficiency, maintaining fairness and maintaining stability. At the same time, he also proposed to guard against "government failure", that is, government intervention will reduce efficiency and make the problem more serious.
From the point of view of system engineering, in some cases, the process of artificially accelerating or delaying the development and change of the system can be called the other organization of the system. The role of the government in the market can also be attributed to another organizational form of the market system, that is, to influence the development of the market system by changing external conditions.
Fourth, the balance of power between two hands.
From the above discussion, we can think that, on the one hand, we should realize the important role of the "invisible hand" of the market in guiding the operation of enterprises and promoting economic development; On the other hand, we should also realize the indispensable role of the government as the "visible hand" in macro-control. Therefore, the problem lies in properly maintaining the balance of power between these two hands and grasping a "degree". The author believes that the government's macro-control must follow the following three basic preconditions:
(A) to understand the basic laws of the market economy
The basic characteristics of market economy are commodity exchange (according to the law of value), supply and demand balance (according to the law of supply and demand) and competitive development (according to the rules of competition). Macro-control must be based on the understanding of these three basic laws. We should not only realize the leading role played by the "invisible hand" of market regulation, but also not interfere with economic development by subjective will as under the planned economy system. For example, on the price issue, although the government can maintain the price stability of some important commodities by means of price limit and subsidies, in the long run, the market should still influence the demand of consumers and the enthusiasm of producers through price changes, so as to adjust the relationship between supply and demand and finally achieve a relative balance.
(2) Micro-decision-making power of business operators.
Under the market economy system, enterprises are economic entities that operate independently and are responsible for their own profits and losses, and seek survival and development through market competition. Enterprise managers have complete decision-making power over internal business activities (including planning, organization, finance, personnel, sales, production, technology, etc.). ) at the micro level. The government's macro-control must be based on the premise of not infringing on the micro-decision-making power of enterprise managers. The government can exert influence on the decision-making of business operators by exercising the right of restriction (such as denying or increasing the possibility of choosing a certain action plan, changing the decision-making objectives and conditions, etc.). ), but it should not make decisions on their behalf.
(c) Promoting the establishment of a market economic system.
Enshi Airport is currently in the process of transforming from a planned economy to a market economy system, and the government's macro-control should be conducive to promoting this transformation in order to make a transition to a market economy as soon as possible. Therefore, macro-control measures should be constantly changing according to the situation.
Functions and means of government management of enterprises
According to the above theoretical framework, we can further discuss how the government should manage enterprises, that is, what, to what extent and how the government manages them.
What is management? There seems to be no unified definition so far. Some people literally explain that management is jurisdiction and handling; Some people say that management is to work through others; Others say that management is decision-making; Some people say that management is organization. Economists believe that management is an economic resource, political scientists believe that management is an authoritative system, sociologists believe that management is a class and status system, and psychologists believe that management is a process of adapting people to organizations. There are really different opinions, and no one can say for sure. The author believes that management is a variety of activities and the whole process in which managers try to use various resources to achieve the set goals in a changeable objective environment. From this understanding, we can think that the government's management of enterprises is all kinds of activities and the whole process in which the government tries to use various resources to influence the business activities of enterprises in order to achieve the established macro-social and economic development goals.
It should also be pointed out that there is no unified model for government to manage enterprises, but there are no certain rules to follow, because countries are different in size, ethnic composition, cultural background, historical tradition, development level and political system. The author thinks that the conclusion about what the government should manage is universal, and the degree of management can be roughly summarized into several modes, but how to manage this problem is almost completely different in different countries.
Government management of enterprises can be divided into two types: indirect management and direct management. The so-called indirect management means that the government influences the enterprise by managing the market, and the government does not interfere in the internal affairs of the enterprise, and sometimes does not even have direct contact with the enterprise; The so-called direct management means that the government directly intervenes in the internal affairs of some enterprises according to the provisions of laws or contracts. In addition, the government can also manage enterprises through unofficial intermediary organizations and create conditions for the development of enterprises by providing infrastructure and public services.
One is the indirect management of enterprises by the government.
(A) the establishment of the market
In the early days of the capitalist system, the market was formed spontaneously to meet the needs of commodity exchange, but with the development of economy, it is bound to constantly put forward the requirements of establishing markets of various levels and functions. In many countries, the establishment of new markets usually requires government approval. For example, the origin of the modern option market is the option exchange established by the United States in Chicago on April 26th, 1973. In the process of China's transformation from the traditional planned economy to the socialist market economy, it is even more necessary for the government to play an important role in establishing the market. Since the reform and opening up, China government has approved the establishment of various markets such as securities, futures, real estate and talents, which has played an important role in promoting economic development. In the future, the government should assess the situation, seize the opportunity and approve the establishment of new markets when conditions are ripe.
(2) making laws
Because the market is full of all kinds of random factors and disorderly movements, it needs certain rules to make it work better, and it can also provide legal basis for government intervention. In this sense, we can think that the market economy is an economy ruled by law. The legal system of market economy should be a systematic legal system. From the experience of foreign countries, it can be roughly divided into the following three levels:
Laws to adjust the basic relationship of the market: in the early days of the rise of the market economy, civil law and commercial law were used to adjust the basic relationship of the market. Since then, with the development of market economy, a series of laws such as budget law, tax law, social security law, investment law and banking law have appeared one after another, making the basic relationship of the market more standardized.
Laws regulating the behavior of market subjects: As enterprises are the main body of the market, such laws are mainly used to regulate the behavior of enterprises in the market. These include company law, contract law, cost law, real estate law, securities law, futures trading law and so on.
Laws regulating market competition order: including anti-unfair competition law, anti-monopoly law, anti-dumping law, etc. 、
(3) Supervision and control
The government can supervise the market and its subjects through judicial departments or administrative agencies according to law. For example, after Congress passed the Sherman Act, Crayton Act and other anti-monopoly laws, the United States established the Anti-monopoly Bureau of the Ministry of Justice according to law, which was responsible for investigating illegal facts such as fixed-price agreements, monopolistic mergers, price discrimination and tying, and filed a public prosecution with the federal court. The task of the United States Federal Trade Commission established under the Federal Trade Commission Act is to prevent unfair competition and oppose unfair and deceptive behaviors that affect business.
Regulation refers to the government's intervention in the market through administrative agencies and administrative regulations in order to correct market failures and improve economic efficiency. For example, the U.S. government has established many regulatory agencies through congressional legislation, which can be roughly divided into two categories: economic regulatory agencies and social regulatory agencies. The former regulates market access, prices and services of specific industries; The latter stipulates some aspects that have an impact on society, such as environmental protection and employee labor protection.
Some economists criticize the role of government regulation and think that traditional government regulation will destroy the efficiency of market economy in many cases. For example, stigler, winner of 1982 Nobel Prize in Economics and founder of information economics and regulatory economics, has always opposed equating the regulatory objectives announced by the government with the actual effects of regulation. He believes that government supervision needs to pay a high cost and often plays a role in restraining competition. Therefore, in recent years, the U.S. government has been carrying out regulatory reform, trying to introduce an incentive mechanism to transform mandatory supervision into more flexible and intelligent supervision. It is reported that due to the deregulation of five industries, such as aviation, railway, automobile transportation, telecommunications and cable TV, the United States made a profit of $40 billion only in 1990.
(4) Macro guidance
The so-called macro guidance means that the government uses macro means such as policies, plans, taxes and information to guide the market, thus affecting the behavior of enterprises. Among them, the commonly used methods are:
Industrial policies: including industrial policies, agricultural policies and energy policies. Its basic goal is to guide enterprises to allocate resources to areas with higher efficiency or more development prospects, thus improving the overall economic efficiency. For example, after World War II, Japan guided enterprises through industrial policies. After three stages: rebuilding capital-intensive industries, developing capital-intensive industries and developing technology-intensive industries, in 1980, the Industrial Structure Review Committee put forward the report "Prospects for Trade and Industrial Policies in the 1980s", which guided enterprises to develop into knowledge-intensive industries and accelerated the application of electronic information technology, energy-saving technology and new material technology, and achieved good results. However, some people think that if industrial policies are not applied properly, it will have disastrous consequences.
Economic planning: Although there are different opinions on whether it is necessary to make a national economic plan under the market economy system, many countries have adopted this method, such as France, Germany, Japan, South Korea and Singapore. Although the planning forms of these countries are different, they are similar in that planning is instructive, not mandatory; Focus on macro-development goals rather than micro-specific projects; In the process of making the plan, it is necessary to listen to the opinions of all parties and need to be reviewed and approved by the parliament.
Fiscal and tax adjustment: it is a common practice abroad to guide enterprises by fiscal and tax means. For example, France gives subsidies or tax exemptions to industries or enterprises encouraged by the state and provides guarantees for their exports; The United States encourages enterprises to increase R&D expenditure by reducing taxes by 20%. The Japanese government encourages the adjustment of industrial structure with a focused credit policy, and so on.
Information guidance: enterprises need a lot of external information when making decisions, and the government can guide the behavior of enterprises by providing information. For example, the American government provides information to the public through a large number of government publications; The French government also established the French Foreign Trade Center to provide information services for export enterprises.
Second, the direct management of enterprises by the government.
The direct management of enterprises by governments in various countries usually only involves enterprises invested by the state or contracted with the government. In state-invested enterprises, the purpose of direct government management is to protect the rights and interests of state owners. This management generally includes the following aspects:
Organizational control
The government's organizational control of enterprises usually has the following methods:
Set up a board of directors: As a bridge between the government and enterprises, the board of directors can be appointed by the government to participate. For example, among the three directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation of the United States, 1 is an official of the Ministry of Finance, and the other two are nominated by the President and approved by the Senate for a term of six years; The chairman, vice-chairman and directors of British state-owned enterprises are appointed by the minister in charge of the enterprise for a term of five years; The board of directors of German state-owned enterprises is established by the board of supervisors. Half of the members of the board of supervisors are shareholders' representatives, and the other half are employees and trade union representatives. Shareholders' representatives are elected by the Minister of Finance, and employees' representatives are elected through internal consultations, but they must be approved by the Ministry of Finance. The chairman of the board of supervisors is recommended by the Minister of Finance, and the vice chairman is the employee representative. The board of directors of French state-owned enterprises is set up according to the principle of three points, that is, the members of the board of directors are composed of state representatives, employee representatives and external representatives of the enterprise (including consumers, customers, technical and economic management experts and people familiar with the economic problems of the department or region where the enterprise is located), and the ratio of representatives of all parties is 1/3. Government representatives are appointed by the government; On the other hand, the external representatives of enterprises are selected according to the technical level or business ability of the relevant personnel, their understanding of various regional economic issues and their knowledge level of various affected public and private economic activities. The employee representatives are elected by secret ballot. Candidates should have worked in the enterprise for more than 5 years and need one or two trade unions to provide guarantees, or at least the employees' customers and the joint production Committee to provide guarantees. The board of directors of French state-owned enterprises varies in size, with a maximum of 18 people. The term of office of each member is five years, with a maximum of three consecutive terms.
Appointment of general manager: Although the general managers of state-owned enterprises in most countries are appointed by the board of directors, some countries are directly appointed by the government. As stipulated in France, in enterprises with more than 90% state holding, the general manager is nominated by the competent minister, discussed and approved by the cabinet meeting, and appointed by law; The Korean government stipulates that the general manager of a wholly-owned or holding enterprise shall be recommended by the board of directors and appointed by the government.
(2) Financial supervision
Most countries have strict financial supervision over state-owned enterprises. It mainly includes the supervision of budget, investment, price and salary. Generally speaking, the budget of state-owned enterprises must be approved by the parliament or the government. The French government also stipulates that projects in which state-owned enterprises invest more than 6.5438 billion francs must be approved by the Ministry of Finance. The management of prices and wages is mainly aimed at monopoly state-owned enterprises. For example, the basic principle of the French government to control the prices of products or services of such enterprises is to offset marginal costs, and a committee is responsible for determining a wage growth rate and proposing a framework plan for wage growth every year according to factors such as economic growth and inflation. Some countries also send representatives to enterprises for financial supervision. For example, in the United States, the state sends supervisors or supervisory groups to ensure the state's decision-making power over enterprise profit distribution and loss subsidies; In France, the Ministry of Finance sent "national inspectors", whose main tasks are to urge enterprises to abide by various financial rules and regulations, check whether the accounts of enterprises meet the requirements, provide various information of enterprises to the government, and make suggestions for enterprise management. They can participate in the board of directors as non-voting representatives, with the right to speak, but without the right to vote. They also have the right to consult any information of the enterprise, and under special circumstances, they have the right to write a report directly to the Minister of Finance to reflect the situation and opinions. Auditors check enterprise accounts mostly in the course of enterprise operation, and the National Audit Office conducts an after-the-fact audit of state-owned enterprise accounts every year. On this basis, the National Audit Office submits an account report of state-owned enterprises every year to analyze their financial management and operation.
(3) Business guidance
Although the government does not interfere in the internal management of enterprises in principle, it can affect the operation of enterprises to a certain extent. Some of the means used by the government are as follows:
Planning contract: Generally speaking, the government should not interfere with the internal business plan of the enterprise, but it can exert influence through the planning contract. For example, the French government adopts the way of signing planning contracts with key state-owned enterprises to coordinate the contradiction between the pursuit of profits by enterprises and the national policy objectives, and bring state-owned enterprises into the national planning system. It not only ensures the integration of enterprise development strategy and national planning objectives, but also enables enterprises to maintain maximum freedom of operation within the framework of planning. In the planning contract, on the one hand, it stipulates the financial investment and profit distribution obligations undertaken by the government; On the other hand, it also stipulates the obligations of profit, self-raised investment, employment and technology development undertaken by enterprises. The contract stipulates the profit target, service quality, productivity and price increase of the enterprise, and the government controls the enterprise accordingly. Under the constraint of this index system, enterprises can choose the optimal operation mode. The contract period is generally 3 to 5 years.
Purchase contract: As the user of the enterprise, the government can exert influence on the enterprise through the purchase contract. For example, the US government, as the largest buyer in the market (from 65438 to 0990, the US federal government spent 33.2% of its expenditure on goods and services, reaching about $400 billion), usually selects the seller through bidding and signs a purchase contract with it. Many enterprises in the United States (especially those producing military materials) are very dependent on government procurement, so the government has a great influence on them.
Contracting: For some service industries that cannot compete in the market, the government can contract service projects to related enterprises through competitive bidding, such as service contracts, management contracts, leasing, long-term contracting operations, etc. For example, contracting out road maintenance to private companies in Brazil saves 20% of the cost compared with the government hiring people to maintain roads. The government can exert influence on enterprises through the supervision of contract execution.
Administrative guidance: This is a unique means for some East Asian governments to manage enterprises. This kind of administrative guidance is an indirect intervention measure based on mutual consultation between the government and enterprises, which mainly includes personnel appointment and removal, program control, assessment, persuasion and consultation, command, information exchange, publicity and call, etc. However, because some administrative guidance measures have no legal effect, if an enterprise makes a judgment that does not conform to the government's intention, it can not obey the government's guidance. After World War II, in the process of adjusting Japan's industrial policy, there have been more than one cases in which enterprises did not obey the government's guidance.
In countries with a large proportion of state-owned enterprises, the government can also guide the national economy to develop in the direction set by the government through direct management of state-owned enterprises.
Third, manage enterprises through unofficial intermediary organizations.
Governments in some countries also restrict and manage enterprises through various unofficial intermediary organizations. For example, Japanese industry organizations, statutory bodies in Singapore and so on. Every industry in Japanese industry has corresponding industry groups, such as Japan Iron and Steel Union, Japan Automobile Industry Association and Japan Fiber Industry Union. This industry group has a hierarchical structure, and there are many smaller organizations in the big organization. The important functions of these industry groups are: to provide information, consultation, talent training and other services for enterprises in this industry; Coordinate the interests of enterprises in this industry; On behalf of enterprises in this industry, strengthen contact with government professional bureaus, persuade professional bureaus to implement policies that are beneficial to this industry, provide government agencies with relevant information about this industry, and assist government agencies in administrative guidance. In a sense, trade groups are a favorable tool for the Japanese government to intervene in various industries and even enterprise activities, and also a basic communication channel between the government and enterprise organizations or between enterprises and the government. In this way, on the one hand, the number of enterprises directly faced by the Japanese government has been greatly reduced, thus narrowing the scope of management and giving government departments more time to engage in strategic guidance; On the other hand, enterprises unite to form industry organizations, so that enterprises have more power to negotiate with the government and ensure that the final implementation plan is the result of joint consultation between the government and enterprises.
Fourth, the government provides infrastructure and public services.
The government creates conditions for the development of enterprises by providing infrastructure and public services, and can also indirectly influence enterprises. Many of these infrastructures and public services are operated by state-owned enterprises. For example, the American government's market intervention activities mainly provide infrastructure and public services that are not suitable for private operation, such as roads, airports, urban water supply and drainage, electricity, postal services, education, public security, fire protection, environmental protection, social insurance and welfare, etc. France stipulates that all public utilities are owned by the state, as well as basic industries such as transportation, posts and telecommunications. The German government has made great achievements in providing social security and education and training services for employees.
There are different views in academic circles on whether the government has a model to follow in the management of enterprises. Some people think that the government's management of enterprises is accidental, depending on the values of the ruling party or rulers and their judgment of the objective situation, so there is no fixed model. Others believe that a country is a model because of its different national conditions. The author believes that although the government's management of enterprises is contingent, it mainly depends on historical traditions, cultural background, political system, degree of development and other factors. Therefore, although the means and institutions of government management in different countries are different and will change with the progress of society and science and technology, there are still some internal laws to follow. The study of management mode helps us to master the substantive experience of government management of enterprises, rather than some superficial and formal practices.